This app was mentioned in 2 comments, with an average of 1.00 upvote
There's a couple -
Binary Challenge - https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.increatly.binarychallenge&hl=en (free with ads)
flippy bit: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.q42.flippybitandtheattackofthehexadecimalsfrombase16&hl=en (free, no ads)
If you get good at flippy bit, (24 bugs) you will understand how hexadecimal relates to binary very well. If you get good at Binary Challenge, you will understand how to convert between binary and base 10, as well as hex and base 10.
I ignore octal conversion completely. If you find other ones that are good as well, I would be really interested.
Here's a really old reddit post where a guy made a little site that explains more or less exactly what you're asking and is probably the first thing I'd recommend https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/2jp8cd/i_made_a_website_to_explain_how_computers/
If you want a deeper dive on the above then I'd highly recommend this book; it's pretty thorough https://www.worldcat.org/title/computer-organization/oclc/34306418
Thirdly, there are some games that can teach you some of the concepts and get you familiar. Specifically, there's a fun little game for Android (maybe iOS too?) for doing binary arithmetic and it has explanations and stuff as well https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.increatly.binarychallenge and then on a related note there's a lot of games based on logic gates that may be able to get you some basic knowledge too https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ViacheslavRud.Circuit (haven't tried this specific one but it looks similar to what I tried playing and can't find now).
Hope that helps!