This app was mentioned in 19 comments, with an average of 1.42 upvotes
Boson X - 4.6 rating - $2.99 - Search manually
FOTONICA - 4.6 rating - $2.99 - Search manually
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Boson X or FOTONICA (first-person)
Edit: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.muandheyo.bosonx
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.santaragione.fotonicaiOS
Boson X is a runner game with relatively short levels (definitely fits in the 2-10 minute time window).
LYNE is a puzzle game where you can quit at any time.
I'm Ping Pong King :) is a reaction game with very short matches and easy to get in to.
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You could also play 80 days since you can quit and resume at any time, but it might become a bit annoying if you have longer breaks between game sessions and you don't remember what happened or what you planned. Same goes for Solitairica, because you plan your progression (and an entire run will take longer than 10 minutes).
This game remember me Boson X
Boson X is a little known, but quite good 3D runner with good controls. 0 IAPs
Note that there have been no updates since 2014
I still haven't beaten the last level.