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It's called PXE booting. That's supported by virtually every desktop and notebook over Ethernet, but usually requires you to have full control over the DHCP server so it can serve up the boot image. It's not super hard to configure if you have a router running OpenWRT or a Linux PC, but is not possible with a normal consumer router. There is at least one PXE server for Android. It claims to override the DHCP settings to allow booting, but it does require a rooted phone.