{"product":{"product_id":"014012523X","title":"Ancient Iraq: Third Edition (Penguin History)","price":"19.0","image_url":"https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/513iiCAzy2L._SL500_.jpg","url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/014012523X"},"comments":[{"body":"Suggesting that the Sumerians originated from a single place is often a mark of pseudo-history in the field of Assyriology. For a more nuanced take on the so-called \"Sumerian problem,\" I recommend chapters 3, 4, and 5 of Georges Roux's [Ancient Iraq](https://www.amazon.com/Ancient-Iraq-Third-Penguin-History/dp/014012523X/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1\u0026amp;keywords=ancient+iraq+georges+roux\u0026amp;qid=1595522345\u0026amp;sr=8-1), \"From Cave to Farm,\" \"From Village to City,\" and \"Birth of a Civilization,\" which explores the archaeological evidence from paleolithic settlements up through the Jemdat Nasr period, tracing various regional influences that likely fed into what would become the Sumerian civilization.","subreddit_name":"Sumer","author":"Nocodeyv"},{"body":"I recommend starting with [Ancient Iraq](https://www.amazon.com/Ancient-Iraq-Third-Penguin-History/dp/014012523X/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1\u0026amp;keywords=georges+roux+ancient+iraq\u0026amp;qid=1595069882\u0026amp;sr=8-1) by Georges Roux (1993). Roux covers the region from prehistory until ca. 200 BCE, discussing the accomplishments of the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and various peoples who came to power in the region after them. From there, you can decide if you're most interested in the culture, mythology, politics, religion, etc., after which it will be easy to recommend further books focused on your specific interests.\r\n\r\nIf you already have a specific topic in mind, let me know and I'll see if I can suggest a good book or two focused on it.","subreddit_name":"Sumer","author":"Nocodeyv"},{"body":"While our community is dedicated to \"Mesopotamian religion,\" its important to remember that there are actually four religions included under that grouping:\r\n\r\n1. Sumerian religion\r\n2. Akkadian religion\r\n3. Assyrian religion\r\n4. Babylonian religion\r\n\r\nMany aspects are shared across all four, like the names or general domains of certain deities; but there are also practices and beliefs that are unique to one or two and not the rest.\r\n\r\nWhen it comes to \"getting started,\" I always recommend a general history of the region as a precursor to practicing any of the religions because learning about the four major kingdoms will help you decide which of their religions you're most interested in practicing.\r\n\r\nCurrently, my favorite overview of Mesopotamia is Georges Roux's *Ancient Iraq*, available in its third edition from [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/Ancient-Iraq-Third-Penguin-History/dp/014012523X/).\r\n\r\n.\r\n\r\nIf you already know about Mesopotamia, or have a specific deity (or deities) in mind, then the second step is to establish a general practice.\r\n\r\nMost of us begin with a simple set-up: an offering dish and a cup for libations. These should be kept in a space set aside for spiritual activities: a designated countertop, a nightstand, an altar or shrine if you already have one, *etc*.\r\n\r\nOnce you know where you'll be keeping the offering dish and cup, the next step is to figure out a schedule you can adhere to. My advice would be to start small. If you can only provide an offering and libation once a week, then provide it once a week.\r\n\r\nThe intent and consistency of your actions is more important than their quantity.\r\n\r\nWhen you know which day you'll be providing an offering and libation for the deity of your choice on, you can then decide *what* you would like to provide for them.\r\n\r\nThere aren't any restrictions to this step in the modern day, but I'll give you a general overview of what kinds of things were offered historically:\r\n\r\n* **Grain offering:** Mesopotamia was an agricultural civilization. Their staple cereal crop was barley, with wheat being a close second. Baked breads were a common form of offering, and today there are hundreds of types of breads that we can incorporate into our devotional practices. These can be made by hand or bought.\r\n* **Fruit offering:** the Mesopotamian peoples made use of a \"first fruit\" offering at the start of every harvest season. They would provide a sampling of all their city's produce to its chief God or Goddess as a way of thanking them for the blessing of the yield of the Earth. Today, any type of fruiting tree I harvest or gardening that I do goes into a \"first fruits/vegetable\" offering. The same when I buy fruits that I can't grow myself: I always buy one extra to offer to the Gods.\r\n* **Dairy offering:** cattle were incredibly important to the Mesopotamians, many of whom were farmers. Assuming that you aren't lactose intolerant, all kinds of dairy products are great offerings to the Gods.\r\n* **Cultic Meal:** if individual pieces aren't your style, then it was also common practice to literally prepare a meal for the Gods several times throughout the day. The biggest of these meals was the evening repast, or, in modern terms: dinner. If you regularly prepare your own meal for dinner, consider setting aside a smaller portion of each course as an offering for the Gods. The Assyrians, at least, had a special prayer they would recite over meals offered to the Gods, but it isn't a requirement.\r\n* **Inedible offerings:** incense (in stick, cone, or granule form) were almost always present in offerings. Holy oils, like Juniper, were also very common (pay attention to all warning about applying oils to skin, if you choose to anoint yourself with them). Replicas of the symbols, weapons, and standards of the Gods were also frequently given as gifts.\r\n* **Libations:** the Gods love beer, and many of them are partial to wine as well (please follow any alcohol laws your state/country may have about purchasing). Fresh water was also common in offerings provided to one's ancestors, but does show up for the Gods as well. Today, of course, there are thousands of beverages that we can provide as refreshment, so don't feel limited by the historical attestations here.\r\n\r\nUse the above as a guide to creating your own offerings and libation. Again though, don't over extend yourself. If you can only manage a small offering, then provide a small offering.\r\n\r\n.\r\n\r\nAnd that's where you begin: with a regular schedule of providing offerings and libations to a deity or deities of your choosing.\r\n\r\nFrom there, you can expand the space, making it into a shrine with an offering table. If you find that you're interested in certain practices from Mesopotamia (magical or otherwise), you can add an altar to the set-up as well. Some of us have elaborate shrines with altars, others of us have very simple spaces with just the bare essentials for daily or weekly meals. The growth of your sacred space is entirely dependent on how invested you are.\r\n\r\nFinally, if you discover a deity you really want to focus on, or if one responds well to your offerings and libations, then you can become a devotee. This is when you'd do things like seek out a physical representation of the deity (a \"cultic statue\" as its called); replicas of their symbols, weapons, and standards; mythology, cult songs, and paeans of praise honoring them; and the festivals and holidays that were dedicated to them.\r\n\r\nMost people want to start with this final step, jumping immediately into devotional work and holidays. Often though, without the basic structure provided by the gift-giving cycle of offerings and libations, people burn themselves out wondering why they aren't getting a response when they celebrate a holiday.\r\n\r\nIn my opinion, you have to first show them that you're serious about practicing the faith, then you can celebrate with them.\r\n\r\n.\r\n\r\nThis is a very bare-bones overview. I'm sure you'll have questions, so feel free to ask them and the community will do its best to provide answers and guidance!","subreddit_name":"Sumer","author":"Nocodeyv"},{"body":"A classic from my undergraduate days. I assume it's dated.\r\n\r\nhttps://www.amazon.com/Ancient-Iraq-Third-Penguin-History/dp/014012523X","subreddit_name":"history","author":"DavidDPerlmutter"}]}