The chip has different modes. The same pin can have different functionality built in. You can use all of them as digital pins, but some have functionality for interrupts, pwm, reading analog values or can be used for certain interface protocols like I2C or SPI.
I recommend reading a book or watching some tutorials about it. This is a book I recommend:
Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry 2nd Edition
https://www.amazon.com/dp/1119405378/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_apa_i_82O.FbEXCDEMR
That Elegoo kit is a perfect starter kit - I got the same one myself (now I don't even want to admit how many other random parts and tools I have bought from Amazon, Sparkfun, Adafruit, Digikey, etc.)
I'd also start with at least one book, as well - there are plenty of tutorials on the Internet, but I found this book great as an intro that actually rapidly gets into some fairly complex projects.
Re: experience - you really don't need any electronics experience, though basic C++ is helpful.
I studied EE in college and would have loved a kit like this back then. On the other hand my 13 year old nephew had no electronics and minimal programming experience and he was building simple circuits, flashing LEDs, playing piezo tones, etc, the first couple days he started using it...
Second edition of my book just came out, btw: https://www.amazon.com/dp/1119405378/ref=cm_sw_r_em_apa_i_xRM7DbHY17D4E
-Jeremy