If you want to grow as a ~~scientist~~ practitioner, try Guerrilla Analytics: A Practical Approach to Working with Data
If you're looking for pleasure reading, check out The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century
This is the book you're looking for: https://www.amazon.com/Guerrilla-Analytics-Practical-Approach-Working/dp/0128002182
I picked this up on the recommendation of a colleague. Very useful.
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Guerrilla-Analytics-Practical-Approach-Working/dp/0128002182
You'll probably find this article and its references interesting: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Industry_Standard_Process_for_Data_Mining
I also strongly recommend this book: http://www.amazon.com/Guerrilla-Analytics-Practical-Approach-Working/dp/0128002182
If you're looking something more technical about actually doing analyses, this is book is very accessible: http://www.amazon.com/Applied-Predictive-Modeling-Max-Kuhn/dp/1461468485
If you use R, this book is really great: http://www.dcc.fc.up.pt/~ltorgo/DataMiningWithR/