I don't think aphorisms per se are a big part of modern philosophy, so my sense is that philosophers don't worry too much about them directly. But studying heuristics in psychology has been very very hot for a few decades now (see e.g. Heuristics and Biases and Kahneman's work) and a number of philosophers have discussed those. I think it would be uncontroversial to say that aphorisms are fundamentally a sort of heuristic, and the general analysis of heuristics is applicable to aphorisms:
Not precisely the same thing, but possibly relevant: Dennett has written many times about intuition pumps (book, video). He is primarily interested in philosophical hypotheticals, thought experiments, and the like... but some of the analysis of good pumps vs. bad (a.k.a. "boom crutches") seems applicable to good aphorisms vs. bad ones.
I don't recall if it specifically talks about induction and deduction -- but I enjoyed Dennet's book intuition pumps and other tools for thinking ...