Giving clothing advice as a dude -
Layers - get a few quarter zips and fill zips, I'm a big fan of Patagonia and Khul as they are both fashionable and practical, but they're going to run you a little more. LL Bean and anything from Cosco will work. Looking for "soft shells" is also a good thing to look at as most of them can be worn as outer layers. Wear a long sleeve, then a quarter zip, then a coat, you'll be toasty.
You also want good outerlayers. You'll want a lined jacket, and if fashion demands it, an overcoat or peacoat can be a great way to keep warm and look good. Ski jackets work - but if you're wearing them around for warmth, be sure to get a lined one, many ski jackets theses days are shells only and rely on generating heat from activity.
A good hat (thick beanie will do for most) and gloves (look for something driving like deerskin as well as a pair of mittens) I rock Kinco mittens from skiing groomers and backcountry to shoveling the driveway.
Snow boots and wool socks are a must.
Kinco mittens are super warm and super cheap. They're not the most stylish or technologically advanced, but with some simple waterproofing, they get the job done. I use them as a backup pair for when it's really wet outside.
Quality goggles will be tough to find under $50. If you are looking at premium brands, Dragon and Spy seem to be the least expensive entries into that category.