> would what /u/lordfili suggested above work?
I don't believe so, because I think that timer requires 120v for operation.
> Would something like this work?
YEP! That's exactly what you need. I think I might order one myself. Sorry I didn't search for one before, I was on my phone and it was late.
So, the new wiring diagram would look something like that. Sorry, I don't have the right CAD program to make the wires look the same, so it might look weird, but that should basically be correct. I added new red circles where you would need wire nuts for the timer.
Disclaimer: I am not an electrician, and this comment does not suffice as a substitute for consulting an electrician. Electricity is dangerous. Consult a qualified electrician for all electrical work, especially around water.
Oh, you should also swap the outlet in that guide with a 20A GFCI outlet. It's cheap insurance and could save your life or your belongings in the case of an accident.