The Church does teach that temporal effects can be reduced and outright removed.
Manual of Indulgences published by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.
The Enchiridion of Indulgences, or in Latin, Enchiridion Indulgentarium
I think this is it? Amazon has a couple things that pop up, but this is by the USCCB. https://www.amazon.com/Manual-Indulgences-Conference-Catholic-Bishops/dp/1574554743/ref=mp_s_a_1_1?keywords=enchiridion+indulgentiarum&qid=1558766024&s=gateway&sprefix=enchiridion+indu&sr=8-1
The premise here is flawed. The penance assigned in confession is no in any way assigned to remit potential time in purgatory or punishment in general. It is an effort to join ourself to the expiation (reversal and healing) of sin and it's consequences. In explaining the sacrament, the Catechism has a couple of helpful paragraphs explaining this ([CCC 1459-1460]). In short: no, the penance a priest assigns to a penitent does not affect one's potential stay in purgatory.
Since the Church offers the opportunity for plenary and partial indulgence extremely generously (there are three universal daily plenary indulgence and many particular ones), there is no reason why anyone should need to go to purgatory! Penance in confession need not address what is already provided for in the ordinary life of a Catholic. To learn more about indulgences, I heartily recommend the Manual of Indulgences, now also available in ebook format (Amazon Kindle).
I do indulgence prayers…cuz I need it. I also give it up for a dead relative.
I’m a sinner. I can use all the help I can get.
Manual of Indulgences https://www.amazon.com/dp/1574554743/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_api_glt_fabc_K6EMEBVGJQ087TC9KGPR
There used to be paper certificates that commemorated the Indulgence and people would collect them. Priests would fill them out, date them and sign them. I don't believe this is (widely?) practiced anymore.
If you are interested in gaining Indulgences, I'd suggest you get a Manual of Indulgences:
http://www.amazon.com/Manual-Indulgences-none/dp/1574554743
If your parish has a library, they might have a copy you could borrow. All these and many other questions are answered.
There are many ways to gain partial Indulgences and many opportunities to gain plenary Indulgences that are often overlooked. For example, there's a plenary Indulgence available on the last day of the year and another plenary Indulgence available on the first day of the new year. The other requirements for Indulgences, like sacramental Confession, can serve for both of these. It's a handy two-fer!
Here's a list of plenary Indulgences. I can't attest that it's up-to-date:
http://www.ourladyswarriors.org/indulge/plenary.htm
Remember that it's a special act of Spiritual Mercy to gain Indulgences for the benefit of the souls of the departed. You can gain merit, graces and possibly other blessings from doing this.