For a Dev on that version this book is gospel IMO: https://www.amazon.com/Microsoft-SharePoint-2013-Developer-Reference/dp/0735670714
1) a little bit of everything
2) depends what you make and how proper you try to deploy it. ie you can get pretty far with hacky csom injection via JSlink/CEWPs/alternate CSS/page layouts [in 2013-on prem]
For citizen dev/power user I'd recommend
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtx4MPCKmPulTidrqsBCFZqF9yJJxwExU and Laura's site offers paid training
For proper modern dev I'd recommend
depends how modern you want to go about dev.... an unfortunately even if you want to and even though you should the version of modern tooling you get on prem lags behind quite a bit... ie 1.4 vs 1.13
so legacy https://www.amazon.com/Microsoft-SharePoint-2013-Developer-Reference/dp/0735670714 is prob my fav primer (among my 20-30 SP books) and then combo with anything you find on the internet on the specific use case
for modern/spfx https://www.voitanos.io/course-master-sharepoint-framework/
your pickle is learning a dead dev approach AND then begrudgingly creating sites/dev bits that will likely need a content port and 'solution/dev artifact' rebuild in the near future. but sir this is a wendys @ myself i guess
So if you really just care about modern I'd focus on the PnP references... but I think context helps and at some point you need to understand the platform including legacy capabilities to understand what to dev around/against/with/replacing/complimenting.
https://www.amazon.com/Microsoft-SharePoint-2013-Developer-Reference/dp/0735670714