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Modern Fortran Explained (Numerical Mathematics and Scientific Computation)?
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The first question I have is "why FORTRAN?" The second question I have is "which FORTRAN?"
My first question might seem a little glib, but I mean it earnestly. FORTRAN isn't a terribly great general-purpose programming language. If you are in the market for a strongly typed, array-oriented language, you can't really beat it. If you need anything else, I recommend looking elsewhere. My second question may be more important than the first: there is a near universe of difference between FORTRAN77 and "modern" FORTRAN (e.g., FORTRAN95). If you are in the physical sciences, there is a lot of old F77 lying around that is miserable, unbearable, soul-crushingly awful code. Try to stay away from F77 if at all possible. FORTRAN95 is a good place to start for a "modern" approach to the language. It adds a few extra nice items to FORTRAN90 and things added in FORTRAN2003/2008/2015 aren't terribly well supported (gfortran has a complete 2003 implementation, but I imagine the PGI compiler is likely the only 2008 feature-complete one) and aren't really necessary for getting your feet wet (it's mostly adding extra OOP and parallel stuff).
I found Modern FORTRAN Explained to be a nice read both in terms of its historical outline and its careful discussion of the key features of the modernization of the language.
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