The easiest way is to open up the laptop and remove the hard drive (plenty of youtube videos showing how to do it) then put it in to a usb enclosure to access the data using another computer. Something like this one: https://www.amazon.co.uk/ORICO-Transparent-External-Enclosure-Support/dp/B01N48791I/ref=mp_s_a_1_18?dchild=1&keywords=2.5+hdd+enclosure&qid=1628105236&sprefix=2.5+hdd+&sr=8-18
I had a Toshiba external HDD that only works with a USB hub, you can try that.
Also, the HDD is still inside of the external HDD, you could get that HDD and put it in another external HDD case, like This
Yea, I'm not 100% if RAID0 via USB on Xbox even exists. But I think you are looking for something like this
This is the USB Type-C version, $15.99 at Amazon and Newegg:
There's also a similar non-transparent black version:
Though I don't know if there's much difference versus the one here, besides the more convenient plug of course.
This is the one I linked in the original post. It's always interesting to me when electronics just 'go bad'.
Here's one I recommend. https://smile.amazon.com/dp/B01N48791I
This is the US link. The option selected is for USB-C, but you can also get one with USB 3 Micro-B, like the one OP has for a little cheaper.