Everyone should just get a field guide.
That is a smallmouth bass. They are fun to catch because they fight hard and are as dumb as fish get.
It is hard to find specific sources for certain water bodies (unless the water body is popular or well known). If you are in the states, I would suggest looking up a list of freshwater or saltwater species that live throughout the state. Try to find one with not just game fish but every fish found in that state( that way, the list will have micro species as well). After you catch a fish that you aren’t sure about ID wise, you can just refer to the list until you find the perfect match. These list are usually sorted by family’s of fish so finding what family the fish is from helps narrow the search. This helps get an exact idea on the fish species instead of thinking it is a species that lives no where near you. Also, although not necessary, I would recommend getting the Peterson Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes. A field guide of any sort is not needed but is definitely a helpful thing to have.
Despite the excellent answers your getting... there are to many small differences to try to explain. Just get a field guide. Faster and more reliable than reddit.
In the field. Buy this field guide and whenever you catch a fish, look it up in here. Its a fantastic resource that I bring with me everywhere.
The Audubon guides are good, but I like the Peterson field guides for all my wildlife needs. The Freshwater fishes of N. America just got the new 2nd edition published, and I think they added like 150 species to it. They have great pictures, its organized very well, and has lots of great info. That's what I use. Just get the paperback version and beat the hell out of it!
The Peterson Guide 2nd Ed. is generally considered to be the best general ID book for North American freshwater species. Otherwise there is a Kansas Fishes book that looks good but I haven't used it before - that would be your best bet for more local/specialized info.
for the very basics there are books made by Vic Dunaway however most of the pics are terrable . You may want a peterson guide like this one https://www.amazon.com/Peterson-Freshwater-Fishes-Second-Guides/dp/0547242069 this book is EXTREMELY detailed.
Time to pick up a book and start learning!