Tasting Beer by Randy Mosher is my go-to response to this question. There are a ton of great beer books out there, but this one covers all the basics in a concise format that's easy to read and can be read either cover-to-cover or in parts as a reference. If you don't already have it, I can't recommend it enough!
If you can, get a copy of Randy Mosher's Tasting Beer, along with all of the other suggestions (Somm, describing what you're tasting) this is a great resource.
Additionally, depending on your location - see if there is a BJCP competition that is happening. Either volunteer to judge or steward. If you judge, you will be paired with an experienced judge (assuming it is a well run competition) and then talk with your partner judge(s). If you decide to steward, then be attentive and hover while working. Listen to what others are saying, and when the flights are done, sample the same beer.
Tasting Beer by Randy Mosher is a good place to start. I'd buy the book, then start reading the style descriptions. Buy a beer from each style (listed in the later chapters) and read the earlier chapters while drinking these beers. When you get to the chapters on styles, finish out whichever are left. That'll allow you to use the beer you're currently drinking to understand the various aspects of tasting beer each chapter covers while trying a wide variety of styles. This should let you know what you like and what you don't as well as giving you an appreciation and understanding of what each style is. You don't necessarily need to do all that, but it's a fun way to cover a lot of ground and give you first-hand experience.
Also, going to a good beer bar and trying a sampler tray of 3-4 oz tasters is a great way to try a lot of different things. Most good beer bars have good beer bartenders who can help with descriptions and recomendations, too.
This book is an amazing resource for those in the beer industry
Tasting Beer: An Insider's Guide to the World's Greatest Drink https://www.amazon.com/dp/1603420894/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_api_i_wXSgFb9AS4JED
It’s very easy to read and can be used as either a “picture book” for quick information or can be sat down and read. It touches upon so many things about beer, and is especially useful to learn individual styles, their flavor profiles, proper pouring techniques, etc.
As a lot of people have said, I think flights are a great idea. I would add that going somewhere that has a good selection of traditional styles would be a good place to start, and if you like American lager-style beer, try some craft versions of that so you can have something to compare to what you're used to (might I suggest Oskar Blues Mama's Yella Pils or Victory Prima Pils).
I'm in academia, so I found that some light reading on the subject helped a lot - ingredients and their respective characteristics, the brewing process, history and characteristics of all the different styles, etc. Tasting Beer by Randy Mosher is a great place to start.
How involved would you like to get in the wonderful world of beer? If your answer is "extremely", then keep reading.
Buy this book...Tasting Beer: An Insider's Guide to the World's Greatest Drink by Randy Mosher.
Learn your styles before you really dive in. There are many good recommendations in the comments but since there's so many beers out there you can become overwhelmed.
My advice would be to focus on a style for a period of time...a week, a month, whatever. Maybe try a bunch of IPAs this week, then try a bunch of different stouts the next. The key is to TRY EVERYTHING.
Also stay away from Rate Beer and Beer Advocate for now. Those websites will give you a prejudice towards certain beers and breweries.
I'm not really qualified to answer that one. The concept is the same so I would expect minimal difference between a Teku and a tulip.
There's a good bit in here about the shape of glasses and how they affect flavor, aroma, experience, etc.: http://www.amazon.com/Tasting-Beer-Insiders-Worlds-Greatest/dp/1603420894
Randy Mosher: Tasting beer really is great for learning history, a little chemistry and all about styles. Highly reccomend it. http://www.amazon.com/Tasting-Beer-Insiders-Worlds-Greatest/dp/1603420894/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1343758259&sr=8-1&keywords=randy+mosher+tasting+beer
According to 'Tasting Beer' fluorescent light can also skunk beer. However it probably wouldn't be that difficult to affix something to the glass door to block light. If you took your time and put some care into it this protective addition could look cool and personalise your fridge.
Check out the book "Tasting Beer" by Randy Mosher. It's got some great info on the history of beer, how it's changed over time and how it's evolved recently. Good read all around!
http://www.amazon.com/Tasting-Beer-Insiders-Worlds-Greatest/dp/1603420894
I'm a bit late to the party, but this book by Randy Mosher is recommended by the Cicerone Certification Program (a cicerone is a professional beer taster, like sommelier, but for beer) as a great resource to learn more.
Hate to sound like an advertisement, but I have this wonderfull book which is a great guide to the different styles and flavours of beer and some other fun things like food pairings, beer history and so on.
If you know nothing you should start with the basics, learning about the basic styles of beer, brewing process, and history of beer. Some good choices for that are:
If you want to learn how to brew then homebrewing is a good way to do that. Since you said you aren't interested I'll skip any homebrew books. Sounds like you are more interested in how a commercial brewery works?
Commercial Brewing Process/Equipment
Brewing Science: Some of these books can get very science heavy, and a Chemistry and/or microbiology background would be beneficial. I would not go from 0 brewing knowledge straight to these.
There are entirely different books talking about the business side of brewing, opening a brewery, how to run a brewery etc.. I don't know if any of them are that good or not.
Also /r/theBrewery would likely be a good resource, as that is a sub for people actually working in the industry.
Non-mobile: The one book you need on beer
^That's ^why ^I'm ^here, ^I ^don't ^judge ^you. ^PM ^/u/xl0 ^if ^I'm ^causing ^any ^trouble. ^WUT?
"Tasting Beer" by Randy Mosher is probably your best starting point.
Spend a little time reviewing Ye Olde Beer Flavor and Aroma Wheel to get a sense of what kind of words describe certain aromas and flavors.
Avoid any kind of subjective scoring or evaluation. If a beer has a strong pine flavor and aroma, you might not like that... but someone else might. The goal is to help other people make informed decisions.
"Randy Mosher, one of America’s leading experts on the topic, thinks so. [...]
At a recent beer-tasting event held at the Workman headquarters, Randy told me that, generally speaking, bottled beer should be poured straight into the dead center of the glass, not into a glass tilted at a 45-degree angle, as is popularly believed. When beer is poured into a tilted glass, Randy argues, the head never fully forms, and you miss out on the beer’s creamy introduction.
True to his word, in <em>Tasting Beer</em>, Randy describes how beer should be poured for judging at a competition: 'Pour the beer right down the middle of the glass, wait for the foam to settle, and if needed, pour a little more.'”
edit 01: formatting
edit 02: i got the straight down pour from reading the book, but he does also go on about how you're not "wrong" to pour it other ways, just a method he pushes. he actually goes into another multiple step method of pouring down the center harder, letting it settle, and repeating. i've done it but the time it takes isn't worth the result in most cases.
I still need to pay attention to their kids and I have to do on this sub a while back. https://www.amazon.com/Tasting-Beer-Insiders-Worlds-Greatest/dp/1603420894.
Start with Tasting Beer and move on to the Beer Bible when you want something way more in depth.
I've recommended these books in the past:
Seek out your local micro/nano breweries and get flights of their offerings -- ask questions and enjoy. Once you find the ones you like it won't be too hard to find similar beers and styles you like to expand your horizons.
This is a great beginning resource that I thought was a very enjoyable read.
Tasting Beer by Randy Mosher has a good overview. It's not the whole book dedicated to just history, but it has some good info.
If you're not paying and you're willing to put in the work (it will definitely be work), I'd say go for it. It's definitely geared towards people in the industry, but seeing as you are, it can't hurt to have and could open up doors to you (or at least get a foot in the door).
The Cicerone website has a pretty good list of reading materials. The two biggies are the Draught Quality Manual from the Brewer's Association and I'd say Tasting Beer by Randy Mosher.
I'd like to stress again that this is a serious test that most people don't pass on the first try (and most people that take it are serious beer professionals). It is magnitudes harder than the 1st level.
Randy Mosher's Tasting Beer, and the Brewers Association draft beer manual.
Mosher Book: http://www.amazon.com/Tasting-Beer-Insiders-Worlds-Greatest/dp/1603420894 (Especially chapters 2-7: check out the table of contents on the Amazon page)
BA Draft manual: http://www.draughtquality.org/retailers/
http://www.amazon.com/Tasting-Beer-Insiders-Worlds-Greatest/dp/1603420894
Randy Mosher's Tasting Beer is the most informative i've ever read. Not pricey at all.
Tasting Beer: An Insider's Guide to the World's Greatest Drink: http://www.amazon.com/Tasting-Beer-Insiders-Worlds-Greatest/dp/1603420894/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1294258565&sr=8-1
The Brewmaster's Table: Discovering the Pleasures of Real Beer with Real Food http://www.amazon.com/Brewmasters-Table-Discovering-Pleasures-Real/dp/0060005718/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1294258565&sr=8-4
This would be an interesting project, though it would probably consist of advice more than lists. If you're looking for a book, I've heard good things about Randy Mosher's Tasting Beer.
In my opinion, the best advice for getting into craft beer is to go to a good local brewpub and order a sampler tray. This lets you try a variety of styles and will give you a better grip on things when you go to a store or a normal bar.
Personally, I liked going on BeerAdvocate and ratebeer even when I first started drinking better beer, but that might be a bit much. Even if you don't want to spend time geeking out this early, I'd still recommend using BA's BeerFly tool to look up local brewpubs, bars and stores.
These threads are a perfect example of how books will not be killed by the internet. A "writer" speculates on the answer to a question and "prints" it. It is critiqued by people on the internet by those who only know things they learned from reading articles on the internet.
http://www.amazon.com/Tasting-Beer-Insiders-Worlds-Greatest/dp/1603420894