The Sources of Early Christian Thought series might be helpful. Here's a link to the "Christological Controversies" book in the series to help you start finding them: https://www.amazon.com/Christological-Controversy-Sources-Christian-Thought/dp/0800614119
I started with "Christological Controversies". It's primary source documents (and the introduction provides really useful context) from the first through fourth centuries, all of which where "milestones" in the development of the Christian understanding of the divinity of Christ.
Justin Martyr's First Apology is really interesting because he's so early in the Church that he will not come right out and say "Jesus Christ is God", for example. It's not included in that book I sent you, because it wasn't a Christological work per se, but it's a good example of how pre-niceaen Catholics were talking.
>I wonder if that view I had has some name for it.
It sounds like maybe Monophysitism or Apollinarianism?
Try getting the book "The Christological Controversy (Sources of Early Christian Thought)". It's just the Church Fathers writings as they knock down Christological heresy after Christological heresy. I know it covers the orthodox response to Apollinarianism, and I think it also covers Monophysitism.
Or you can read this book for free, called "Christology: A Dogmatic Treatise on the Incarnation". It was originally meant as a textbook for young seminarians, but I don't think his style is too difficult for a layman to understand. He covers the Christological heresies, too.
This is a good collection of texts, including Athanasius.