Not just Algebra... but, scholars in Muslim countries kept the ideas of Aristotle alive, which allowed Europeans to re-discover them, thanks to that preservation.
It is important to understand the contribution of Muslim scholars: in particular, to understand that the precise reason they achieved this is because they accepted the primacy of reason and took the view that man could apply reason to discover truths about the world. This was the secular mindset that was once the hallmarks of Greeks and Romans, but was lost in Europe for a while.
Europe did not turn to complete irrationality. Rather, the growth of Christianity began to stifle reason, and stress faith and adherence to scripture. The Muslim world held to a more secular view. Sadly, the Muslim world abandoned the view too.
Later, the Christian countries experienced the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, but the Muslim world did not. Finally, enlightenment ideas came to the Muslim world via colonizers, which made it easier -- some decades after the end of colonization -- for those countries to reject the ideas again, as foreign...and to turn back to Islam as they sought their own identity.
See the parallels in these two books:The Closing of the Muslim Mind: How Intellectual Suicide Created the Modern Islamist Crisisby Robert R. Reilly (Author)
The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reasonby Charles Freeman
What I am saying is that one doesn't have to change the Quran to change Islam. One only needs to change how the Quran is interpreted. You don't have to be a Muslim to understand this. Just read some Muslim history. Here are some books:
https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00JBRUKZS
https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0226702812/
There actually seems to be significant debate within the Islamic world right now about what to do, but it is in Arabic which I can't read. The Islamic world seems more dynamic right now than the West is.