{"product":{"product_id":"1786692686","title":"The Colour of Time: A New History of the World, 1850-1960","price":"35.0","image_url":"https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/41-SZqtvqBL._SL500_.jpg","url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/1786692686"},"comments":[{"body":"Please consider pre-ordering a copy of my forthcoming book, [The Colour of Time](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686) - also available on Amazon US and other websites. Your support would be much appreciated! Thank you.\r\n\r\n\r\nEdit; the book consists of 200 black and white photographs colorized by me, each accompanied by captions written by historian and bestselling author Dan Jones, covering a 100 years of world history. ","subreddit_name":"ColorizedHistory","author":"marinamaral"},{"body":"[My book](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686) in collaboration with historian Dan Jones will be out in just a few weeks, so please consider pre-ordering it if you can. That's the best way to support my work. Thank you!","subreddit_name":"ColorizedHistory","author":"marinamaral"},{"body":"Building the Statue of Liberty, Paris, 1881.\r\n\r\n__________\r\nThe Statue of Liberty is a figure of Libertas, a robed Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with \"JULY IV MDCCLXXVI\" (July 4, 1776), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward. The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, a national park tourism destination, and is a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad. (Wiki)\r\n_______________\r\n\"When the statue was first erected its copper exterior caught the sunlight, but within a couple of decades the metal had oxidized and Libertas had adopted her now familiar shade of green.\" - **READ MORE** IN MY BOOK \"[THE COLOUR OF TIME](https://amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686)\", available on Amazon, Waterstones, Barnes \u0026amp; Noble and at the nearest bookshop!","subreddit_name":"HistoryPorn","author":"marinamaral"},{"body":"Building the Statue of Liberty, Paris, 1881.\r\n\r\n__________\r\nThe Statue of Liberty is a figure of Libertas, a robed Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with \"JULY IV MDCCLXXVI\" (July 4, 1776), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward. The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, a national park tourism destination, and is a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad. (Wiki)\r\n_______________\r\n\"When the statue was first erected its copper exterior caught the sunlight, but within a couple of decades the metal had oxidized and Libertas had adopted her now familiar shade of green.\" - **READ MORE** IN MY BOOK \"[THE COLOUR OF TIME](https://amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686)\", available on Amazon, Waterstones, Barnes \u0026amp; Noble and at the nearest bookshop!","subreddit_name":"ColorizedHistory","author":"marinamaral"},{"body":"Building the Statue of Liberty, Paris, 1881.\r\n\r\n__________\r\nThe Statue of Liberty is a figure of Libertas, a robed Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with \"JULY IV MDCCLXXVI\" (July 4, 1776), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward. The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, a national park tourism destination, and is a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad. (Wiki)\r\n_______________\r\n\"When the statue was first erected its copper exterior caught the sunlight, but within a couple of decades the metal had oxidized and Libertas had adopted her now familiar shade of green.\" - **READ MORE** IN MY BOOK \"[THE COLOUR OF TIME](https://amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686)\", available on Amazon, Waterstones, Barnes \u0026amp; Noble and at the nearest bookshop!","subreddit_name":"pics","author":"marinamaral"},{"body":"[More from me](http://www.marinamaral.com) || [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/pg/marinamaralarts) || [Instagram](http://www.instagram.com/marinaarts) \r\n\r\n________\r\n[PRINTS](https://www.redbubble.com/people/marinamaral) || [MY UPCOMING BOOK](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686)\r\n\r\n\r\n**(This photo is from a personal collection. Courtesy of Brett)**\r\n________\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nA Prussian Landwehrmann tanning rat skins in a dugout, WWI. The trench soldier of WWI had to cope with millions of rats. They were attracted by the human waste of war – not simply sewage waste but also the bodies of men long forgotten who had been buried in the trenches.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPossibly drawing on his pre-war trade in the leather industry, this fellow has set himself up in business, tanning the pelts in the age-old method of separating soil and gore from the skin, before they are washed and spread out to dry (as depicted here). It's possible that he used the skins to make patches for repairs to uniforms. Some of these rats grew extremely large. Many troops were awakened by them crawling across their faces, or attempting to take food from the pockets of sleeping men.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDisgusted and often feeling a horror of their presence, soldiers would devise various means of dealing with the rat problem. Although shooting at rats was strictly prohibited – being regarded as a pointless waste of ammunition – many soldiers nevertheless took pot shots at nearby rats in this manner. Attacking them with bayonets was also common, but efforts to eliminate them proved futile. A single rat couple could produce up to 900 offspring a year. Cats and terriers were kept by soldiers in the frontline trenches to help free them of disease-carrying rats. The Terriers were actually very effective.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRobert Graves remarked in his book “Goodbye to All That“: “Rats came up from the canal, fed on the plentiful corpses, and multiplied exceedingly. While I stayed here with the Welch. a new officer joined the company and, in token of welcome, was given a dugout containing a spring-bed. When he turned in that night he heard a scuffling, shone his torch on the bed, and found two rats on his blanket tussling for the possession of a severed hand.”\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGeorge Coppard gave another reason why the rats were so large: “There was no proper system of waste disposal in trench life. Empty tins of all kinds were flung away over the top on both sides of the trench. Millions of tins were thus available for all the rats in France and Belgium in hundreds of miles of trenches. During brief moments of quiet at night, one could hear a continuous rattle of tins moving against each other. The rats were turning them over.”\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRichard Beasley, interviewed in 1993: “If you left your food the rats would soon grab it. Those rats were fearless. Sometimes we would shoot the filthy swines. But you would be put on a charge for wasting ammo, if the sergeant caught you”.\r\n\r\nOne soldier described finding a group of dead bodies while on patrol: “I saw some rats running from under the dead men’s greatcoats, enormous rats, fat with human flesh. My heart pounded as we edged towards one of the bodies. His helmet had rolled off. The man displayed a grimacing face, stripped of flesh; the skull bare, the eyes devoured and from the yawning mouth leapt a rat.”\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n","subreddit_name":"ColorizedHistory","author":"marinamaral"},{"body":"[More from me](http://www.marinamaral.com) || [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/pg/marinamaralarts) || [Instagram](http://www.instagram.com/marinaarts) \r\n\r\n________\r\n[PRINTS](https://www.redbubble.com/people/marinamaral) || [MY BOOK](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686) || [Amazon US](https://www.amazon.com/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686)\r\n__________\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nColonel Thomas Edward Lawrence, CB, DSO (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, military officer, diplomat, and writer. He was renowned for his liaison role during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. The breadth and variety of his activities and associations, and his ability to describe them vividly in writing earned him international fame as Lawrence of Arabia—a title used for the 1962 film based on his wartime activities.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHe was born out of wedlock in Tremadog, Wales, in August 1888 to Thomas Chapman (who became, in 1914, Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet), an Anglo-Irish nobleman from County Westmeath, and Sarah Junner, a Scottish governess (whom Chapman had left his wife and first family in Ireland to cohabit with; they called themselves Mr and Mrs Lawrence). In 1896, the Lawrences moved to Oxford, where their son attended the High School and in 1907–1910 studied History at Jesus College. Between 1910 and 1914 he worked as an archaeologist, chiefly at Carchemish, in what is now Syria.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSoon after the outbreak of war he volunteered for the British Army and was stationed in Egypt. In 1916, he was sent to Arabia on an intelligence mission and quickly became involved with the Arab Revolt, providing, along with other British officers, liaison to the Arab forces. Working closely with Emir Faisal, a leader of the revolt, he participated in and sometimes led military activities against the Ottoman armed forces, culminating in the capture of Damascus in October 1918.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAfter the war, Lawrence joined the Foreign Office, working with both the British government and with Faisal. In 1922, he retreated from public life and spent the years until 1935 serving as an enlisted man, mostly in the Royal Air Force, with a brief stint in the Army. During this time, he wrote and published his best-known work, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, an autobiographical account of his participation in the Arab Revolt. He also translated books into English and wrote The Mint, which was published posthumously and detailed his time in the Royal Air Force working as an ordinary aircraftman. He corresponded extensively and was friendly with well-known artists, writers, and politicians. For the Royal Air Force, he participated in the development of rescue motorboats.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAt the age of 46, two months after leaving military service, Lawrence was fatally injured in an accident on his Brough Superior SS100 motorcycle in Dorset, close to his cottage, Clouds Hill, near Wareham. A dip in the road obstructed his view of two boys on their bicycles; he swerved to avoid them, lost control, and was thrown over the handlebars. He died six days later on 19 May 1935. The location is marked by a small memorial at the side of the road.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nOne of the doctors attending him was neurosurgeon Hugh Cairns, who consequently began a long study of the unnecessary loss of life by motorcycle dispatch riders through head injuries. His research led to the use of crash helmets by both military and civilian motorcyclists.","subreddit_name":"ColorizedHistory","author":"marinamaral"},{"body":"[More from me](http://www.marinamaral.com) || [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/pg/marinamaralarts) || [Instagram](http://www.instagram.com/marinaarts) \r\n\r\n________\r\n[PRINTS](https://www.redbubble.com/people/marinamaral) || [**MY BOOK**](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686) \r\n\r\n\r\n___________\r\n\r\n\r\nWhen once asked about her favorite singers, Marilyn Monroe answered, \"Well, my very favorite person, and I love her as a person as well as a singer, I think she's the greatest, and that's Ella Fitzgerald.\" By the 1950s, Fitzgerald's enthralling singing voice had won her fans across the country. But the venues that hired her were often smaller clubs.\r\n\r\nIn November 1954, Monroe got to see Fitzgerald perform in Los Angeles. The two were soon friends, so when Marilyn learned of Fitzgerald's inability to get a gig at the Mocambo, a famous L.A. nightclub, she decided to help. The club's owner felt that Fitzgerald lacked the glamour to draw crowds. So Monroe approached him with a proposition — if he booked Fitzgerald, she promised to sit at the front of the house every night and to bring along other celebrities.\r\n\r\nThe club owner agreed to hire Fitzgerald for a couple of weeks in March 1955. During Fitzgerald's run, Monroe kept her word to sit up front, and Frank Sinatra and Judy Garland showed up on the opening night. Such celebrity firepower wasn't that necessary — Fitzgerald's shows sold out, and the owner added a week to her contract.\r\n\r\nThis successful engagement changed Fitzgerald's career trajectory. She later told Ms. magazine, \"After that, I never had to play a small jazz club again.\"\r\n\r\nFollowing her success at the Mocambo, Fitzgerald got other jobs at big venues and also returned to the Mocambo. Yet not every location treated her equally due to the color of her skin — some expected her to enter through a side door or back entrance rather than the front. When Monroe became aware of this, she again supported her friend. She had traveled to Colorado to see Fitzgerald perform. Once there, she saw her friend ushered away from the front entrance, so Monroe refused to go inside unless both she and Fitzgerald were allowed through the front doors. The movie star got her way and soon all of Fitzgerald's performance spots were treating the singer with the respect she deserved.\r\n\r\nIn 1972, when she told Ms. magazine the story of Monroe's role in getting her that gig at the Mocambo, she noted, \"I owe Marilyn Monroe a real debt.\"\r\n\r\nTheir friendship would last until Monroe's untimely death. (Source: biography)","subreddit_name":"ColorizedHistory","author":"marinamaral"},{"body":"________\r\n\r\n[My book](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686) in collaboration with historian Dan Jones will be out in just a few weeks, so please consider pre-ordering it if you can. That's the best way to support my work. Thank you!\r\n\r\n___________\r\n\r\nAround midnight on 17 July, Yakov Yurovsky, the commandant of The House of Special Purpose, ordered the Romanovs' physician, Dr. Eugene Botkin, to awaken the sleeping family and ask them to put on their clothes, under the pretext that the family would be moved to a safe location due to impending chaos in Yekaterinburg. The Romanovs were then ordered into a 6 m × 5 m (20 ft × 16 ft) semi-basement room. Nicholas asked if Yurovsky could bring two chairs, on which Tsarevich Alexei and Alexandra sat. Yurovsky's assistant Grigory Nikulin remarked to him that the \"heir wanted to die in a chair. Very well then, let him have one.\" The prisoners were told to wait in the cellar room while the truck that would transport them was being brought to the House. A few minutes later, an execution squad of secret police was brought in and Yurovsky read aloud the order given to him by the Ural Executive Committee: \"Nikolai Alexandrovich, in view of the fact that your relatives are continuing their attack on Soviet Russia, the Ural Executive Committee has decided to execute you.\"\r\n\r\n\r\nNicholas, facing his family, turned and said \"What? What?\" Yurovsky quickly repeated the order and the weapons were raised. The Empress and Grand Duchess Olga, according to a guard's reminiscence, had tried to bless themselves but failed amid the shooting. Yurovsky reportedly raised his Colt gun at Nicholas's torso and fired; Nicholas was the target of all of the assembled shooters, and he quickly fell dead, pierced by many bullets. The intoxicated Peter Ermakov, the military commissar for Verkh-Isetsk, shot and killed Alexandra with a bullet wound to the head. He then shot at Maria, who ran for the double doors, hitting her in the thigh. The remaining executioners shot chaotically and over each other's shoulders until the room was so filled with smoke and dust that no one could see anything at all in the darkness nor hear any commands amid the noise. Within minutes, Yurovsky was forced to stop the shooting because of the caustic smoke of burned gunpowder, dust from the plaster ceiling caused by the reverberation of bullets, and the deafening gunshots. When they stopped, the doors were then opened to scatter the smoke. While waiting for the smoke to abate, the killers could hear moans and whimpers inside the room. As it cleared, it became evident that although several of the family's retainers had been killed, all of the Imperial children were alive and furthermore, only Maria was even injured.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe executioners were ordered to proceed with their bayonets, a technique which proved ineffective and meant that the children had to be dispatched by still more gunshots, this time aimed more precisely at their heads. The Tsarevich was the first of the children to be executed. Yurovsky watched in disbelief as Nikulin spent an entire magazine from his Browning gun on Alexei, who was still seated transfixed in his chair; he also had jewels sewn into his undergarment and forage cap. Ermakov shot and stabbed him, and when he failed, Yurovsky shoved him aside and killed the boy with a gunshot to the head. The last to die were Tatiana, Anastasia, and Maria, who were carrying a few pounds (over 1.3 kilograms) of diamonds sewn into their clothing, which had given them a degree of protection from the firing. However, they were speared with bayonets as well. Olga sustained a gunshot wound to the head. Maria and Anastasia were said to have crouched up against a wall covering their heads in terror until they were shot down. Yurovsky himself killed Tatiana and Alexei. Tatiana died from a single bullet through the back of her head. Alexei received two bullets to the head, right behind the ear. Anna Demidova, Alexandra's maid, survived the initial onslaught but was quickly stabbed to death against the back wall while trying to defend herself with a small pillow which she had carried that was filled with precious gems and jewels. While the bodies were being placed on stretchers, one of the girls cried out and covered her face with her arm. Ermakov grabbed Alexander Strekotin's rifle and bayoneted her in the chest, but when it failed to penetrate he pulled out his revolver and shot her in the head.\r\n\r\nWhile Yurovsky was checking the victims for pulses, Ermakov went back and forth in the room, flailing the bodies with his bayonet. The execution lasted about 20 minutes.\r\n\r\n\r\nAlexandre Beloborodov sent a coded telegram to Lenin's secretary, Nikolai Gorbunov. It was found by White investigator Nikolai Sokolov and reads: Inform Sverdlov the whole family have shared the same fate as the head. Officially the family will die at the evacuation.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe bodies of the Romanovs and their servants were loaded onto a Fiat truck equipped with a 60 HP engine, with a cargo area 6 × 10 feet in size. Heavily laden, the vehicle struggled for nine miles on boggy road to reach the Koptyaki forest. Yurovsky was furious when he discovered that the drunken Ermakov had brought only one shovel for the burial. About half a mile further on, near crossing no. 185 on the line serving the Verkh-Isetsk works, 25 men working for Ermakov were waiting with horses and light carts. These men were all intoxicated and they were outraged that the prisoners were not brought to them alive. They expected to be part of the lynch mob and were hoping to abuse the women before killing them. Yurovsky maintained control of the situation with great difficulty, eventually getting Ermakov's men to shift some of the bodies from the truck onto the carts. A few of Ermakov's men pawed the female bodies for diamonds hidden in their undergarments, two of whom lifted up Alexandra's skirt and fingered her genitals. Yurovsky ordered them at gunpoint to back off, dismissing the two who had groped the tsarina's corpse and any others he had caught looting. One of the men sniggered that he could \"die in peace\", having touched the \"royal cunt\".\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe truck was bogged down in an area of marshy ground near the Gorno-Uralsk railway line, during which all the bodies were unloaded onto carts and taken to the disposal site. The sun was up by the time the carts came within sight of the disused mine, which was a large clearing at a place called the 'Four Brothers'. Yurovsky's men first gobbled on hardboiled eggs supplied by the local nuns (food that was meant for the imperial family), while the remainder of Ermakov's men were ordered back to the city as Yurovsky did not trust them and was displeased with their drunkenness.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nYurovsky and five other men laid out the bodies on the grass and undressed them, the clothes piled up and burned while Yurovsky took inventory of their jewellery. Once the bodies were \"completely naked\" they were dumped into a mineshaft and sprinkled with sulphuric acid to disfigure them beyond recognition. Only then did Yurovsky discover that the pit was less than 3 meters deep and the muddy water below did not fully submerge the corpses as he had expected. He unsuccessfully tried to collapse the mine with hand grenades, after which his men covered it with loose earth and branches. Yurovsky left three men to guard the site while he returned to Ekaterinburg with a bag filled with 18lb of looted diamonds, to report back to Beloborodov and Goloshchyokin. It was decided that the pit was too shallow.\r\n\r\n\r\nSergey Chutskaev of the local Soviet told Yurovsky of some deeper copper mines west of Ekaterinburg, the area remote and swampy and a grave there less likely to be discovered. He inspected the site on the evening of 17 July and reported back to the Cheka at the Amerikanskaya Hotel. He ordered additional trucks to be sent out to Koptyaki whilst assigning Pyotr Voykov to obtain barrels of petrol, kerosene and sulphuric acid, and plenty of dry firewood. Yurovsky also seized several horse-drawn carts to be used in the removal of the bodies to the new site. Yurovsky and Goloshchyokin, along with several Cheka agents, returned to the mineshaft at about 4:00am on the morning of 18 July. The sodden corpses were hauled out one by one using ropes tied to their limbs and laid under a tarpaulin. Yurovsky, worried that he might not have enough time to take the bodies to the deeper mine, ordered his men to dig another burial pit then and there, but the ground was too hard. He returned to the Amerikanskaya Hotel to confer with the Cheka. He seized a truck which he had loaded with blocks of concrete for attaching to the bodies before submerging them in the new mineshaft. A second truck carried a detachment of Cheka agents to help move the bodies. Yurovsky returned to the forest at 10:00pm on 18 July. The bodies were again loaded onto the Fiat truck, which by then had been extricated from the mud.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDuring transportation to the deeper copper mines on the early morning of 19 July, the Fiat truck carrying the bodies got stuck again in mud near Porosenkov Log (Pig's Meadow). With the men exhausted and most refusing to obey orders, Yurovsky decided to bury them under the road where the truck had stalled. They dug a grave that was 6 × 8 ft in size and barely 60 centimeters (2 ft) deep. Alexei Trupp's body was tossed in first, followed by the Tsar's and then the rest. Sulphuric acid was again used to dissolve the bodies, their faces smashed with rifle butts and covered with quicklime. Railroad ties were placed over the grave to disguise it, with the Fiat truck being driven back and forth over the ties to press them into the earth. The burial was completed at 6:00am on 19 July.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe failure of the Tsarist regime to end the war and the subsequent brutal assassination of the family resulted in the collapse of the Romanov Dynasty, which had been ruling over Russia since 1613.","subreddit_name":"ColorizedHistory","author":"marinamaral"},{"body":"[More from me](http://www.marinamaral.com) || [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/pg/marinamaralarts) || [Instagram](http://www.instagram.com/marinaarts) \r\n\r\n________\r\n[PRINTS](https://www.redbubble.com/people/marinamaral) || [MY BOOK](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686)\r\n__________\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe 1968 California presidential primary elections were held on Tuesday, June 4. The statewide results gave Kennedy 46% and McCarthy 42%. Four hours after the polls closed in California, Kennedy claimed victory in the state's Democratic presidential primary. He spoke by phone with South Dakota Senator George McGovern. At approximately 12:10 a.m. PDT on June 5, he addressed his campaign supporters in the Ambassador Hotel's Embassy Room ballroom, in the Mid-Wilshire district of Los Angeles. At the time, the government provided Secret Service protection for an incumbent president but not for presidential candidates. Kennedy's only security was provided by former FBI agent William Barry and two unofficial bodyguards who were former professional athletes. During the campaign, Kennedy had welcomed contact with the public, and people had often tried to touch him in their excitement.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nKennedy planned to walk through the ballroom when he had finished speaking. He ended the speech by stating: \"My thanks to all of you; and now it's on to Chicago, and let's win there!\" Kennedy was on his way to another gathering of supporters elsewhere in the hotel. With deadlines fast approaching, reporters wanted a press conference, and campaign aide Fred Dutton decided that Kennedy would forgo the second gathering and instead go through the hotel's kitchen and pantry area behind the ballroom to the press area. Kennedy finished speaking and started to exit when William Barry stopped him and said, \"No, it's been changed. We're going this way.\" Barry and Dutton began clearing a way for Kennedy to go left through swinging doors to the kitchen corridor, but Kennedy, hemmed in by the crowd, followed maître d'hôtel Karl Uecker through a back exit.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nUecker led Kennedy through the kitchen area, holding Kennedy's right wrist but frequently releasing it as Kennedy shook hands with those he encountered. Uecker and Kennedy started down a passageway narrowed by an ice machine against the right wall and a steam table to the left. Kennedy turned to his left and shook hands with busboy Juan Romero just as Sirhan Sirhan stepped down from a low tray-stacker beside the ice machine, rushed past Uecker, and repeatedly fired what was later identified as a .22 caliber Iver-Johnson Cadet revolver.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAfter Kennedy had fallen to the floor, Barry saw Sirhan holding a gun and hit him twice in the face while others, including maîtres d' Uecker and Edward Minasian, writer George Plimpton, Olympic gold medal decathlete Rafer Johnson and former professional football player Rosey Grier of the New York Giants and Los Angeles Rams, forced Sirhan against the steam table and disarmed him as he continued firing his gun in random directions. Five other people were also wounded: William Weisel of ABC News, Paul Schrade of the United Auto Workers union, Democratic Party activist Elizabeth Evans, Ira Goldstein of the Continental News Service and Kennedy campaign volunteer Irwin Stroll.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAfter a minute, Sirhan wrestled free and grabbed the revolver again, but he had already fired all the bullets and was subdued. Barry went to Kennedy and laid his jacket under the candidate's head, later recalling: \"I knew immediately it was a .22, a small caliber, so I hoped it wouldn't be so bad, but then I saw the hole in the Senator's head, and I knew\". Reporters and photographers rushed into the area from both directions, contributing to the confusion and chaos. As Kennedy lay wounded, Juan Romero cradled the senator's head and placed a rosary in his hand. Kennedy asked Romero, \"Is everybody OK?\" and Romero responded, \"Yes, everybody's OK.\" Kennedy then turned away from Romero and said, \"Everything's going to be OK.\" Captured by Life photographer Bill Eppridge and Boris Yaro of the Los Angeles Times, this moment became the iconic image of the assassination. There was some initial confusion in who was shot, one witness believing that the primary victim was Kennedy's campaign manager, Stephen Edward Smith. This was quickly realized to be untrue. Another witness stated immediately following the shooting that a female in a polka-dot dress had exclaimed repeatedly, \"we killed him,\" before running away. Video footage of her testimony can be seen in the Netflix series entitled, \"Bobby Kennedy for President\".\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nKennedy's wife Ethel, who was three months pregnant, stood outside the crush of people at the scene, seeking help. She was soon led to her husband and knelt beside him. He turned his head and seemed to recognize her. Smith promptly appeared on television and calmly asked for a doctor. Friend and journalist Pete Hamill recalled that Kennedy, as he lay dying, had \"a kind of sweet accepting smile on his face, as if he knew it would all end this way\". After several minutes, medical attendants arrived and lifted Kennedy onto a stretcher, prompting him to whisper, \"Don't lift me\", which were his last words. He lost consciousness shortly thereafter. Kennedy was taken a mile away to Central Receiving Hospital, where he arrived near death. One doctor slapped his face, calling, \"Bob, Bob\", while another doctor manually massaged Kennedy's heart. After obtaining a good heartbeat, doctors handed a stethoscope to Ethel so she could hear her husband's heart beating, much to her relief.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAfter about 30 minutes, Kennedy was transferred several blocks to the Hospital of the Good Samaritan to undergo surgery. A gymnasium near the hospital was set up as temporary headquarters for the press and news media to receive updates on the senator's condition. Surgery began at 3:12 a.m. PDT and lasted three hours and 40 minutes. Ten and a half hours later, at 5:30 p.m. PDT on Wednesday, spokesman Frank Mankiewicz announced that Kennedy's doctors were \"concerned over his continuing failure to show improvement\"; his condition remained \"extremely critical as to life\".\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nKennedy had been shot three times. One bullet, fired at a range of about 1 inch (2.5 cm), entered behind his right ear, dispersing fragments throughout his brain.The other two entered at the rear of his right armpit; one exited from his chest and the other lodged in the back of his neck. Despite extensive neurosurgery to remove the bullet and bone fragments from his brain, Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1:44 a.m. (PDT) on June 6, nearly 26 hours after the shooting.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHis death prompted the United States Secret Service to protect presidential candidates. Hubert Humphrey, the sitting Vice President at the time and also a presidential candidate, later went on to win the Democratic nomination for the presidency, but ultimately lost the election to Republican Richard Nixon","subreddit_name":"ColorizedHistory","author":"marinamaral"},{"body":"[More from me](http://www.marinamaral.com) || [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/pg/marinamaralarts) || [Instagram](http://www.instagram.com/marinaarts) \r\n\r\n________\r\n[PRINTS](https://www.redbubble.com/people/marinamaral) || [MY BOOK](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686)\r\n__________\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Ovitz family was a family of Jewish actors/traveling musicians who survived imprisonment at the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II. Most of them were dwarfs. They were the largest family of dwarfs ever recorded and were the largest family to enter Auschwitz and survive intact; the family of twelve ranged from a 15-month-old baby to a 58-year-old woman.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Ovitz family originated from Maramureş County, Romania. They were descended from Shimson Eizik Ovitz (1868–1923), a badchen entertainer, itinerant rabbi and himself a dwarf. He fathered ten children in total, seven of them dwarfs (afflicted with pseudoachondroplasia), from two marriages.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe children from his first marriage to Brana Fruchter (she was of average height), Rozika (1886–1984) and Franzika (1889–1980), were both dwarfs. Shimson's second wife, Batia Bertha Husz, also of average height, produced the following children: Avram (1903–1972; dwarf), Freida (1905–1975; dwarf), Sarah (1907–1993; average height), Micki (1909–1972; dwarf), Leah (1911-1987; average height), Elizabeth (1914–1992; dwarf), Arie (1917–1944; average height), and Piroska (a.k.a. \"Perla\"; 1921–2001; dwarf).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe children founded their own ensemble, the Lilliput Troupe. They sang and played music using small instruments and performed all over Romania, Hungary and Czechoslovakia in the 1930s and 1940s. The taller relatives helped backstage. The Ovitzes sang in Yiddish, Hungarian, Romanian, Russian and German. When they were not touring, they lived in a single house with their spouses.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAt the start of World War II, there were 12 family members, seven of them dwarfs. When Hungary seized Northern Transylvania in September 1940, the new racial laws banned Jewish artists from entertaining non-Jews. Though the Ovitzes were observant Jews, they obtained papers which omitted the fact that they were Jewish and continued going on their tours until 1944. On 12 May 1944, all twelve family members were deported to Auschwitz. One average sized brother, Arie, escaped the round up but was later arrested and executed in 1944.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nOnce in the camp, the Ovitzes attracted the attention of the German camp doctor Josef Mengele (known as the Angel of Death), who collected curiosities for pseudoscientific experiments on heredity. He separated the Ovitzes from the rest of the camp inmates to add them to his collection of test subjects. He was curious about the fact that the family included both dwarfs and taller members. Eleven other prisoners claimed to be their relatives, and Mengele moved all of them accordingly.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWanting to spare the group of dwarfs (because they were harder to find than other kinds of test subjects, such as twins), Mengele arranged to have special living quarters built for them, so they could be monitored. To keep them healthy for his human experimentation, he arranged for them to have more hygienic living conditions, better food and their own bedclothes. Mengele allowed them to keep their own clothes, and forced the taller members of the group to carry the dwarfs to the experimentation sites.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Ovitzes—like many other camp inmates—were subjected to various tests. Mengele's physicians extracted bone marrow and pulled out teeth and hair to find signs of hereditary disease. They poured hot and cold water in their ears and blinded them with chemical drops. Gynecologists inspected the married women.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEighteen-month-old Shimshon Ovitz was put through the worst ordeals because he had taller parents and was prematurely born; Mengele drew blood from the veins behind his ears and from his fingers on a daily basis often causing weakness. The Ovitzes also witnessed two newcomer dwarfs being killed and boiled so their bones could be exhibited in a museum. Mengele also filmed them; this film was not found after the war, and it is possible that he kept it when he fled.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThey expected to be killed after Mengele had finished his experiments, but they lived to see the liberation of Auschwitz on 27 January 1945. The Red Army took them to the Soviet Union where they lived in a refugee camp for some time before they were released.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Ovitzes traveled on foot for seven months to their home village. They found their home looted, moved first to the town of Sighet and later to Belgium. In May 1949, they immigrated to Israel, settled in Haifa, and began their tours again, being quite successful and packing large concert halls. In 1955, they retired and bought a cinema hall.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDescendants of the dwarf men of the family were born taller; the women did not become pregnant due to their small pelvises. The firstborn of the dwarfs, Rozika Ovitz, died in 1984 at the age of 98. The last adult dwarf survivor of the family, Perla Ovitz, died in 2001.\r\n","subreddit_name":"ColorizedHistory","author":"marinamaral"},{"body":"[More from me](http://www.marinamaral.com) || [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/pg/marinamaralarts) || [Instagram](http://www.instagram.com/marinaarts) \r\n\r\n________\r\n[PRINTS](https://www.redbubble.com/people/marinamaral) || [MY UPCOMING BOOK](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686)\r\n__________\r\n\r\nThe Brazilian Expeditionary Force or BEF (Portuguese: Força Expedicionária Brasileira; FEB) consisted of about 25,700 men arranged by the army and air force to fight alongside the Allied forces in the Mediterranean Theatre of World War II. This air–land force consisted of (replacements included): a complete Infantry Division, a Liaison flight, and a Fighter squadron.\r\n\r\nIt fought in Italy from September 1944 to May 1945, while the Brazilian Navy, as well as the Air Force, also acted in the Battle of the Atlantic from the middle of 1942 until the end of the war. During the almost eight months of its campaign, fighting at the Gothic Line and in the 1945 final offensive, the BEF managed to take 20,573 Axis prisoners, consisting of two generals, 892 officers, and 19,679 other ranks. Brazil was the only independent South American country to send ground troops to fight overseas, losing 948 men killed in action across all three services during the Second World War.\r\n\r\nBrazil's participation alongside the Allied powers in World War II was by no means a foregone conclusion, even though Brazil (along with Italy, Japan and Romania) had supported the Triple Entente in World War I. Then Brazilian participation (1917–1918) was primarily naval, although it did send a \"military mission\" to the Western Front. The Brazilian Navy and Air Force played a role in the Battle of the Atlantic after mid-1942. Brazil also contributed an infantry division that entered combat on the Italian Front in 1944.\r\n\r\nAs in 1914, Brazil in 1939 maintained a position of neutrality, initially trading with both the Allies and the Axis powers. As the war progressed, trade with the Axis countries became almost impossible and the US began forceful diplomatic and economic efforts to bring Brazil onto the Allied side. These efforts led to the creation of the Joint Brazil-US Defense Commission, which was chaired by James Garesche Ord and worked to strengthen military ties between the two countries during the war. It was designed to reduce the likelihood of Axis attacks on US shipping as soldiers traveled across the Atlantic to Africa and Europe, and minimized the influence of the Axis in South America.\r\n\r\nAt the beginning of 1942, Brazil permitted the US to set up air bases on their territory in return for the offer by the US to encourage the formation of a steel industry - Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional, in Brazil. The US bases were located in the states of Bahia, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte, where the city of Natal hosted part of the US Navy's VP-52. In addition, US Task Force 3 established itself in Brazil. This included a squadron equipped to attack submarines and merchant vessels attempting to trade with Japan.\r\n\r\nAlthough Brazil remained neutral, this increasing cooperation with the Allies led the Brazilian government to announce at the Pan American States Conference in Rio, on 28 January 1942, its decision to sever diplomatic relations with Germany, Japan, and Italy. As a result, from the end of January to July 1942, German U-boats sank 13 Brazilian merchant vessels. In August 1942, U-507 alone sank five Brazilian vessels in two days, causing more than 600 deaths. In all, 21 German and 2 Italian submarines caused the sinking of 36 Brazilian merchant ships involving 1,691 drownings and 1,079 other casualties. The sinkings were the main reason that led the Brazilian government to declare war against the Axis.\r\n\r\nThe Brazilian 1st Division of the BEF was subordinate to the Allied 15th Army Group under Field Marshal Harold Alexander (later succeeded by General Mark Clark), via the US Fifth Army of Lieutenant General Mark Clark (later succeeded by Lieutenant General Lucian Truscott) and the US IV Corps of Major General Willis D. Crittenberger. The BEF was (theoretically) organized as a standard US infantry division of that time, complete in all aspects, down to its logistical tail (including postal and banking services), although some of these, like its health services, were found to be deficient and had to be complemented, and in many cases controlled or managed by Americans. Its combat units were, besides the aforementioned 6th RCT, the 1st RCT based on Rio de Janeiro, and the 11th from São João del Rey. Each RCT had about 5,000 men (corresponding in size to today brigades), divided in three then called \"battalions\" (today regiments), consisting of four companies each, including supporting units for combat, and other army branches, like artillery, engineering, and cavalry. The Brazilian Air Force Fighter squadron was itself under the Mediterranean Allied Tactical Air Force.\r\n\r\nThe BEF achieved battlefield successes at Massarosa, Camaiore, Mount Prano, Monte Acuto, San Quirico, Gallicano, Barga, Monte Castello, La Serra, Castelnuovo di Vergato, Soprassasso, Montese, Paravento, Zocca, Marano sul Panaro, Collecchio and Fornovo di Taro.\r\n\r\nNickname: Due to the Brazilian dictatorship's unwillingness to get more deeply involved in the Allied war effort, by early 1943 a popular saying was: \"It's more likely for a snake to smoke a pipe, than for the BEF to go the front and fight.\" (\"Mais fácil uma cobra fumar um cachimbo, do que a FEB embarcar para o combate.\"). Before the BEF entered combat, the expression \"a cobra vai fumar\" (\"the snake will smoke\") was often used in Brazil in a context similar to \"when pigs fly\". As a result, the soldiers of the BEF called themselves Cobras Fumantes (literally, Smoking Snakes) and wore a divisional shoulder patch that showed a snake smoking a pipe. It was also common for Brazilian soldiers to write on their mortars, \"The Snake is smoking ...\" (\"A cobra está fumando...\"). After the war the meaning was reversed, signifying that something will definitively happen and in a furious and aggressive way. With that second meaning the use of the expression \"a cobra vai fumar\" has been retained in Brazilian Portuguese until the present, although few of the younger generations realize the origin of the expression.\r\n\r\nThe unit was honored on the Sabaton album \"Heroes\" in the song \"Smoking Snakes\".","subreddit_name":"ColorizedHistory","author":"marinamaral"},{"body":"[More from me](http://www.marinamaral.com) || [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/pg/marinamaralarts) || [Instagram](http://www.instagram.com/marinaarts) \r\n\r\n________\r\n[PRINTS](https://www.redbubble.com/people/marinamaral) || [**MY BOOK**](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686) \r\n\r\n\r\n___________\r\n\r\nBismarck spent his final years composing his memoirs ***(Gedanken und Erinnerungen, or Thoughts and Memories)***, a work lauded by historians. \r\n\r\nHis health began to fail in 1896. He was diagnosed with gangrene in his foot, but refused to accept treatment for it; as a result he had difficulty walking and was often confined to a wheelchair. By July 1898 he was permanently wheelchair-bound, had trouble breathing, and was almost constantly feverish and in pain. His health rallied momentarily on the 28th, but then sharply deteriorated over the next two days. He died just after midnight on 30 July 1898, at the age of eighty-three in Friedrichsruh, where he is entombed in the Bismarck Mausoleum. He was succeeded as Prince Bismarck by his eldest son, Herbert. Bismarck managed a posthumous snub of Wilhelm II by having his own sarcophagus inscribed with the words, **\"A loyal German servant of Emperor Wilhelm I\".** Source: Wiki\r\n\r\n[Here's a photo of him on his deathbead.](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EAuCRcMWsAAGR8O?format=jpg\u0026amp;name=900x900)\r\n\r\nThe year before his death, Bismarck predicted: \"One day the great European War will come out of some damned foolish thing in the Balkans.\"\r\n\r\n_____________\r\n*\"Anyone who has ever looked into the glazed eyes of a soldier dying on the battlefield will think hard before starting a war.\"*","subreddit_name":"ColorizedHistory","author":"marinamaral"},{"body":"[More from me](http://www.marinamaral.com) || [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/pg/marinamaralarts) || [Instagram](http://www.instagram.com/marinaarts) \r\n\r\n________\r\n[PRINTS](https://www.redbubble.com/people/marinamaral) || [MY BOOK](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686)\r\n__________\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThis Civil War veteran wears the cap of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) - the largest Union veterans' organization -founded in 1866. The number on his cap signals that his post was 139, located in Scranton, Pennsylvania.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThis prize-winning amateur photograph from the 1935 Newspaper National Snapshot Awards was taken by Mrs. Nathan Klein of Wyoming, Pennsylvania. The note on the back reads: \"Old soldier talking to bootblacks.\"\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMany Civil War veterans were long-lived. Some 1,800 attended the 75th reunion of the Battle of Gettysburg in 1938. Their average age was about 95. According to the National Civil War Museum, Albert H. Woolson of Minnesota - the last documented Civil War soldier - died in 1956.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSource: Johnna Rizzo.","subreddit_name":"ColorizedHistory","author":"marinamaral"},{"body":"The photo is from my book, [The Colour of Time](https://amazon.co.uk/Colour-Time-History-World-1850-1960/dp/1786692686).\r\n___________\r\n\r\nOn July 2, 1937, the plane that Amelia Earhart was flying with her navigator Fred Noonan disappeared somewhere near Howland Island in the Pacific Ocean. The pair had been trying to fly around the world from the equator and were on the most challenging leg of their trip, from Lae, New Guinea, to the tiny Howland Island, 2,556 miles away.\r\n\r\nWhen the Itasca, the U.S. Coast Guard vessel stationed off Howland Island with whom Earhart and Noonan had been in periodic radio contact, realized that they had lost contact, they began an immediate search. Despite the efforts of 66 aircraft and nine ships — an estimated $4 million rescue authorized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt — the fate of the two flyers remained a mystery. The official search ended on July 18th, 1937, but George Putnam, Earhart’s husband, financed additional search efforts, working off tips of naval experts and even psychics in an attempt to find his wife. In October 1937, he acknowledged that any chance of Earhart and Noonan surviving was gone. On January 5, 1939, Amelia Earhart was declared legally dead by the Superior Court in Los Angeles.\r\n\r\nSince her disappearance, several theories have formed regarding Earhart's last days, many of which have been connected to various artifacts that have been found on Pacific islands. Two seem to have the greatest credibility. One is that the plane that Earhart and Noonan were flying was ditched or crashed, and the two perished at sea. Several aviation and navigation experts support this theory, concluding that the outcome of the last leg of the flight came down to \"poor planning, worse execution.\" Investigations concluded that the Electra aircraft was not fully fueled, and couldn't have made it to Howland Island even if conditions were ideal. The fact that there were so many issues creating difficulties lead investigators to the conclusion that the plane simply ran out of fuel some 35 to 100 miles off the coast of Howland Island.\r\n\r\nAnother theory is that Earhart and Noonan might have flown without radio transmission for some time after their last radio signal, landing at uninhabited Nikumaroro reef, a tiny island in the Pacific Ocean 350 miles southeast of Howland Island. This island is where they would ultimately die. This theory is based on several on-site investigations that have turned up artifacts such as improvised tools, bits of clothing, an aluminum panel, and a piece of Plexiglas the exact width and curvature of an Electra window. In May 2012, investigators found a jar of freckle cream on a remote island in the South Pacific, in proximity to their other findings, that many investigators believe belonged to Earhart.\r\n\r\nOther less credible theories are that Earhart was on a spy mission to the Marshall Islands authorized by President Roosevelt and was captured by Japanese troops. This theory extended to claiming that Earhart was forced to broadcast to American GIs as \"Tokyo Rose\" during World War II. And one other theory claims she purposely crashed the plane into the Pacific on a suicide run. \r\n\r\nEarhart was the 16th woman to be issued a pilot's license. She had several notable flights, including becoming the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean in 1928 as well as the first person to fly over both the Atlantic and Pacific. (Source: Biography)","subreddit_name":"ColorizedHistory","author":"marinamaral"}]}