Officially free masonry started with the Grand Lodge in 1717. But it's not so cut and dry as all the that. It's almost like asking when did the United States start. July 1776 was the declaration of independence but the thinking, motivations, and political stirrings started far before that. You could argue it started with the Jamestown settlement, it really depends on how you look at it.
I believe Lodge 1 of Edinburgh has "lodge" minutes back to 1599 or 1600. Since that was before the Grand Lodge in 1717 there weren't really free masons but they were that kind of muddy water. Some records of free mason like activity can be traced back much further, depending on your historical slant one could argue Hiram Abiff was a free mason but I digress. There are some very basic minutes of business for stone masons as far back the 900s in France if memory serves. There was a really good book on this that my first WM lent me when I was an apprentice but I can't remember the name of the book.
If you want to dive in pre 1700s of free masonry I'd recommend https://www.amazon.com/Origins-Freemasonry-Scotlands-Century-1590/dp/0521396549 but it's not a casual read if that makes sense.