If you're really interested in this, I have a book that discusses different kinds of succulents and where they're from. It's The Timber Press Guide to Succulent Plants of the World: A Comprehensive Reference to More than 2000 Species. It's not the kind of reference you use to identify succulents – it's more the kind of reference you use to research the biological origins of succulents that you've already identified. But it's pretty interesting, and it covers exactly the kind of stuff that you're asking.
I'm still not sold on it being a lithops. I've recently been reading The Timber Press Guide to Succulent Plants of the World, and there is a huge chapter on lithops and conophytums. It has one photo of a conophytum that looks extremely similar to the photo /u/StatikDynamik posted. I took a photo of the book so you can judge for yourself: http://imgur.com/a/MlkK5
It also includes this text which seems to very strongly suggest conophytum:
> The edge where the two leaves meet is nearly seamless, and unlike lithops the joined plant bodies look like a single entity.
Incidentally, I know barely anything about conophytums or lithops. I'm more of an echeveria kind of girl. But I just happened to be reading this, and I'd be very interested to know where you and /u/wandering_meatloaf land on the issue given this info.