One of the big problems here, if you ask me, is that all the best philosophers of the social sciences are people whose arguments severely undercut the mainstream way the actual "social scientists" do their science. They don't like being told they're wrong, don't want to learn enough philosophy to understand their critics, and, bolstered by the completely legitimate anti-anti-scientism of the hard scientists, just end up calling their critics anti-science.
I went down the philosophy of science in the social sciences rabbit hole 7-8 years ago and ended up concluding that 95-99% of published psychology and 85-95% of published sociology are complete bupkis. There ARE better alternatives out there but recognizing them requires being willing to admit the necessity for methodological pluralism; that the methods used to study something need to be tailored to the subject of inquiry. And that message contradicts the prevailing dogma's of our day that the social sciences only have legitimacy inasmuch as they emulate the methods of the hard sciences.
Here are some great starters down the "What's wrong with the way we do social science right now" rabbit hole if you're interested.
Psychology-
What's Behind the Research- Incredible intro aimed at undergrads
The Hidden Worldviews of Psychology’s Theory, Research, and Practice
On Hijacking Science: Exploring the Nature and Consequences of Overreach in Psychology
Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology
Sociology-
An introduction to an alternative I'm partial to.
This might be a good place to start: https://www.amazon.com/dp/0803958633/
I had a different one, more recent, but I cant find the source now. Will add if I dig it up.
I could, and someday might, write a book-length response to this question. For now,(I have a paper to write) here are some crumbs that might catch some people's interest.
Meta-Philosophy-
An Introduction to Metaphilosophy (Cambridge Introductions to Philosophy) by Søren Overgaard
Most of this book is applicable.
Phenomenology-
Phenomenology: The Basics by Dan Zahavi
Video Introduction here
https://cfs.ku.dk/multimedia/videos-from-researchers/
See also anything by Amadeo Giorgi, Constance Fischer, Joseph Rychlak
Existential Phenomenology- An entire branch of philosophy that builds off of different and completely valid foundations.
Kierkegaard, Victor Frankl, Mernard Boss, Merlou-Ponty, Martin Buber, Levinas
Barrett, W. (1958). Irrational man. New York: Anchor. (Situates existential philosophy in a historical and cultural context)
Existential Phenomenological Psychology-
The above applied to psychology
George Kunz is my personal favorite
Gendlin is fantastic too and actually gets some love in the rationalist community.
Existentialist Literature/Art/Poetry
Lewis, C.S. (1976). A grief observed. New York: Bantam.
Camus, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Rilke, etc.
Anna Karenina is perhaps the greatest novel ever written and an important counter-point to some rationalist themes. Letters from the Underground and The Death of Ivan Iilych as well.
Critiques of "Scientism"(not of science, but of its over-extension and misapplication) in psychology and cognitive psychology-
A brilliant, accessible introduction to the philosophy of science of psychology from a perspective that's critical of the mainstream. And for completely valid and well-articulated reasons.
Mostly the same stuff, but more in-depth.
(Continued below)
Introduction to Personality and Psychotherapy by Joseph Rychlak is organized around these ideas. It organizes each personality theory by the 4 Aristotelian causes they see at play in humans(efficient, material, formal, final), epistemology, philosophical assumptions, time perspective constructs, motivational constructs, individual differences constructs, theory of illness, theory of cure, and theory of technique. For each, it demonstrates how the first three inform the rest. Unfortunately, the prices are a bit insane right now. It might be worth shopping around or waiting for them to drop though.
What's Behind the Research by Slife and Williams(Rychlak acolytes) is a bit more distilled version of the same thing with more emphasis and exploration of epistemic and philosphical assumptions. It's one of the best psychology books I've ever encountered, I still refer to it constantly, and you can get used copies for a few bucks. It's mostly designed to make these topics accessible to undergrads which it does near miraculously well.
The Hidden Worldviews of Psychology’s Theory, Research, and Practice by Slife, O'Grady and Kosits is a fairly comprehensive review as well with a bit less of an "instructor's mindset". I'm only halfway through this one, but really great so far.
Unfortunately, it doesn't have a table like the one you're looking for, but Introduction to Personality and Psychotherapy by Joseph Rychlak is organized around these ideas. It organizes each personality theory by the 4 Aristotelian causes they see at play in humans(efficient, material, formal, final), epistemology, philosophical assumptions, time perspective constructs, motivational constructs, individual differences constructs, theory of illness, theory of cure, and theory of technique. For each, it demonstrates how the first three inform the rest.https://www.amazon.com/s?i=stripbooks&rh=p_27%3AJOSEPH+F.+RYCHLAK&s=relevancerank&text=JOSEPH+F.+RYCHLAK&ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1
Unfortunately, the prices are a bit insane right now. It might be worth shopping around or waiting for them to drop though.
What's Behind the Research by Slife and Williams(Rychlak acolytes) is a bit more distilled version of the same thing with more emphasis and exploration of epistemic and philosphical assumptions. It's one of the best psychology books I've ever encountered, I still refer to it constantly, and you can get used copies for a few bucks.
https://www.amazon.com/SLIFE-DISCOVERING-ASSUMPTIONS-Discovering-Assumptions/dp/0803958633