You Are Here:
https://www.amazon.com/You-Are-Here-Compass-Ourselves-ebook/dp/B00I80OI2K
This is a great read with a bit of history and a respectable dive into how the system works.
In a nutshell: Your receiver has a very accurate clock. The satellites all have atomic clocks, using cesium decay. The satellites transmit their time to your receiver. Your receiver calculates the difference in time between the satellites and the time on your receiver, and is able to determine your location. 3 satellites are required for location and a 4th to determine movement.