I can write code in RStudio, but I can't run it easily. I might be able to run it as a script, but not interactively. RStudio gets me most of the way there, but not all the way.
A coworker just told me about Ecplipse Che which looks really promising, but I need to learn more. I'm pretty sure it runs each workspace inside a container, which might not be a problem. I think it would just slightly complicate how I manage data my data and results.
You're obviously going to find a lot of sympathy here if that's your aim. However, to actually answer the question, it would probably help to have an idea of what your coworkers are using now to suggest alternatives on Windows.
For instance if they want to develop on the server, but aren't comfortable with vi, then there are things like the Ace editor, a roll your own Cloud 9. The just-announced Eclipse Che is essentially Codenvy with possibly more code introspection.
I haven't done much with Windows in years, but I still feel like PyCharm, a headless VirtualBox server, git etc would combine to make it not very different from what they are likely using now. What am I missing?
Certainly, it has pretty much all languages with some popularity. Look here to see the many languages supported.
As for your second question, I don't really get it; maybe because I'm not a native speaker. Do you mind explaining what you mean?
Eclipse Che is a cloud based version of Eclipse. Essentially, Eclipse runs on the server, while the Eclipse interface is provided through a browser. I haven't tried it, but I'm considering it as an alternative to a local install of Eclipse. You can host it yourself or use the hosted option on codenvy.
So I looked into this a while ago and the one I liked service-wise was Cloud9 (c9.io). Probably number 2 was Nitrous.io.
Eclipse offers a web IDE now for Java called Eclipse Che, but you'll need your own system to provide it. (I think CodeEnvy is offering a service for it, but you'll have to look into it) https://eclipse.org/che/getting-started/
(PS: While this tech is cool and probably the future, I still find myself doing 95% of my dev work locally on my system. So that probably says a lot. Cloud IDEs are just not a flexible nor as fast and powerful as an IDE running locally. Also an alternative you may not have considered is setting up a dev VM.)