This app was mentioned in 5 comments, with an average of 3.00 upvotes
It really depends on the tech it's using, Bluetooth, NFC, etc. I've used Bit-Finder Geo in the past (to great success) finding lost FitBits and a cheap action cam it 9f which used Bluetooth.
There is an Android app, can't remember the name, but it shows you the bluetooth strength as you move around. It could maybe help.
Edit: Here you go.
There are apps that can look for the Bluetooth signature of the device. Whenever I lose my flex, I turn it on and it works like a metal detector. Pinging gets more intense as you get close.
Fitbit would still need to have a charge. And you would need to have synced it to the phones Bluetooth at least once.
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mdvx.android.fitbitscanner