(Disclaimer: I'm not part of the team, but I'm partially responsible for the C++ sample client)
Slight elaboration, since this seems to get asked a lot.
Most likely the compiler will be GCC 4.7.2 or newer, which means that you can use most of the good stuff from C++11, except for the concurrency stuff. If everything goes well, you might get newer version of the compiler with all of C++11, but that depends on the stability of the image, dependencies and all that jazz.
And the Boost library will be provided, since the sample client uses it.
If I've understood correctly, the bot image is undergoing quite intensive development right now, so the versions are not locked down yet. Hopefully the team can nail the versions down soonish - I do know that they are quite busily working on it right now. :)
Depends on your distribution. There's a boost-latest PPA for Ubuntu at least:
https://launchpad.net/~boost-latest/+archive/ppa
Another way to bypass this without modifying the scripts is to download the Boost distribution, and then setting the environment variables CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH and LIBRARY_PATH to point to your custom Boost path.