Yes, those tools exist in Debian.
Everything is explained in the Debian New Maintainers' Guide.
You can "debianize" apps that currently don't exist in debian (ie create deb from the original source) or you can pick some app that already exists in debian, but is outdated and rebuild the package with a new upstream version of the source code (this process is fairly simple, depending on how much the original source code changed in the new version), which is what I'm attempting to do.
Hi, for now you will have to use Git (either CLI or third-party GUI options) to download the translation files for editing. To edit the translation files, it's recommended to use Qt Linguist. More information is available here.
I believe the mailing lists do have some more activity: https://sourceforge.net/p/lxde/mailman/lxde-list/
Unity is the desktop shell. AFAIK, Ubuntu uses Compiz as window manager.
Maybe there is an option in obconf (Openbox configuration). You can also try to make the window decorator font bigger. Or try here http://openbox.org/wiki/Help:Themes#Geometry