You want this book. It will answer all such questions.
But yes, there were points to it. One, a lot of carriers were conversions from other ships, and had to be adapted for that purpose.
Two, an armored flight deck meant a lot of weight relatively high up in the ship. that caused stability problems and drove up the size, and thus cost, of carriers.
Three, having an open hanger meant that you could turn on aircraft engines in the hanger deck without worrying about dangerous fumes getting produced, which made maintenance easier and spread up certain flight deck operations.
The ships he is interested in are the so-called "Big 5" of the Tennessee and Colorado classes, as well as the Pennsylvania and Nevada.
The best single book for this would probably be Norman Friedman's US Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. Includes those classes as well as others before and after. That Amazon pricing is really good - looks like the 2016 paperback reprint did wonders for making it affordable (though, if the reviews are to be believed, less complementary to some of the images). It's 480 pages long, so that $37 gets you a lot of book!
Whilst waiting for the book, there are plenty of images and drawings on Navsource.org for those ships. He might also be interested in the weapons themselves, which can be found on Navweaps.com.
For general Royal Navy history I cannot recommend The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815 by N.A.M. Rodger enough. It touches on all aspects of the Royal Navy of the period including stuff rarely mention by other histories. The author also wrote The Safeguard of the Sea which covers 660-1649.
I'll also second the suggestion of reading the Patrick O'Brian novels. There is no finer fiction that brings the sailors and times of the late Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars to life than O'Brian's 20+ novels. The series takes liberally from the real life adventures of sailors like Thomas Cochrane and Edward Pellew and is endlessly re-readable.
You're right. It does look like this one is the same image though.
Where did I state a definition of it?
It doesn't offend me at all, I just find it amusing
I'm just going to leave this here, you might want to watch it
A couple of interesting books that might interest you: One is https://www.amazon.com/Leviathan-Rise-Britain-World-Power/dp/0007240805 - and the other is a trilogy of books on the british economic decline and fall by Correlli Barnett.
I haven’t read it but it’s on my list of books to acquire, but I’ve heard Battleship Bismarck by Mullenheim-Rechberg is good: amazon link to book