I believe when you configure a private ip network in vagrant it creates a secondary network adapter on the vm that is only used for inter-vm communication. The vagrant docs don't really go into too much detail but I'm assuming that's how it works.
I will say that the fact you can't ping it is the telltale sign.
https://www.vagrantup.com/docs/networking/private_network.html
Jitsi (as others have said) is cross platform and pretty good. Jitsi video bridge is phenomenal too... but that's something else.
I use Blink on windows, but I've just realised it does Linux and OSX too.
codecs: opus, G722, speex, gsm, iLBC, PCMU, PCMA. H264 and VP8 video.