Windows doesn't include this feature by default, but I did find some programs that seem to do what you want:
> TaskLayout is a freeware portable Windows utility which allow saving/restoring of the desktop layout (a set of specified apps/windows with corresponding position on screen) in a single click/hotkey.
Download (last updated in October 2017)
> CacheMyWork is a handy utility that enables you to reboot Windows without losing your place in your work. It builds a checklist of currently open applications, and will restart the apps you've selected the next time you logon to the computer. Cache My Work is great for occasions when you need to unexpectedly reboot, such as on "Patch Tuesday", after installing new drivers, or when Windows runs out of Desktop Heap, Handles or GDI Objects (which happens more often than I'd like - even with the fixes described here ).
Download (last updated in 2007, or 2011 if you count the alpha 2.0 release)
I haven't used or tested either program myself, so I can't tell if they still work on the latest Windows 10 versions. TaskLayout will probably work, though.