To-do lists, seriously. At work I use Basecamp, with deadlined goals. My coworkers can see my to-dos, so I do them out of pride. For my not-work-life, I use TeuxDeux. If don't complete something, it just pushes it up to the next day, and I gradually become humiliated by the constant reminder that I haven't finished that item.
I still procrastinate like crazy, but at least now I function.
If there is one thing I've learned about productivity, it's that everyone is different. You have to do purposeful experimentation to find what suits you best.
I have found Pomodoro is good for crossing stuff off the list, and operating with many small tasks hovering. For example, sending things, returning calls, updating a thing on a website, book a flight, etc. In my experience, it isn't great for larger pieces of work, because the cut-off time always hits me right as I get in the zone when I'm designing or writing, for example.
The One Thing has never really worked for me because I find that my brain works better when I get rid of the small stuff before tackling the bigger, more important items. Some people can willfully ignore the small stuff, but unfortunately I can't.
Find what works best for you.
I like to keep my to-do lists in small sections, with no more than 3 items in a section. If I complete them all, I dig something up from long-term storage, which is only hidden behind another list. I use TeuxDeux, which makes this all pretty seamless.
This is basically TeuxDeux. Seriously, go sign up.
Here's a screenshot of mine — http://cl.ly/image/03391M1v0B0v — it looks pretty similar to yours except the days are on top, and the vast "someday" is the freeform area where I create categories.
I like using Teux Deux, which allows you to list tasks under specific days, even if they're far into the future. It is, ultimately, a to-do list (hence the name), but you can add categories and make things a bit more strategic.
For time, I track my hours using Harvest. This helps me see where my time goes at work, and which tasks (like meetings) are a complete waste of time and lead to lack of output. It allows me to see how long things take to better estimate similar projects in the future.
I also like TeuxDeux for a simple daily look at my to-do list.
I'm interested to read everyone's responses, as I've recently started a podcast about this very topic. If anyone is interested, I'd love to hear your feedback on the first few episodes.