This app was mentioned in 9 comments, with an average of 2.22 upvotes
They're called Einstein's Puzzles or Zebra Puzzles. I've used an app by rottzgames called Einstein's Riddle Logic Puzzles to solve them before. I reckon I'd completed all the puzzles before uninstalling it.
Well if this isn't Baader-Meinhof phenomenon then I don't know what is. I played these puzzles as a kid and just stumbled on them maybe 5 days ago for the first time in probably 18 years. I downloaded about 5 android game apps and the one I settled on being the best is Einstein's Riddle Logic Puzzle . It has 5 difficulties, 500 puzzles per difficulty. Insane is the hardest, up to a 14x9 puzzle, 14 attributes and 9 things per attribute. My fastest easy is 39 seconds, medium 1:31, hard 3:13, haven't tried an extreme, and failed miserably at 2 insane puzzles.
I'm more into idle and resource management games, but there's one I play once in a while that may fit your interests. It called Einstein's Riddle Logic Puzzles. I love logic puzzles but can't play while doing something else since it requires thinking, but this one works with audio books because it's very visual and the clues are minimal.
A couple more: RGB Express, which is fun but may require a bit more concentration as you progress. And Idle Zen, a gravity game/puzzle.
I also second /u/UnwrittenWonderland 's suggestion of Triple Town. I've played this on and off for years, as addictive as it is frustrating ;)
I miss that game, but I found this android game. It's not as good but similar.
Real Einstein's Riddles is my favorite. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rottzgames.logic
I think what you are describing is a zebra puzzle or Einstein puzzle/riddle. There must be many apps of this. Here is one.
Einstein riddles is probably the closest I've found https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rottzgames.logic