This app was mentioned in 3 comments, with an average of 1.33 upvotes
I use ExtraVolumeSimple on Android to lower the volume below system minimum. Works for everything but calls, where I still take the earbuds out. On iPhone I used a volumestep customiser, but think that needed jailbreak.
If your phone has a stock equaliser turning all bands down equally can do the same (not on Samsungs though >:( )
Equalizer APO on Windows is great (though probably overkill). Preamp to change the base volume, Low-Pass and Peaking filters for problem frequencies.
You can try this. Other than that a custom rom will for sure work.
Here's some workarounds that will boost system volume.
Android:
ExtraVolumeSimple or VolumeBooster
Windows:
EqualizerAPO (tons of features, but the preamp is what you want)