This app was mentioned in 3 comments, with an average of 1.33 upvotes
Someone created live wallpaper of this for Android as an apk, but all the sites that host it are shady. Not exactly what you’re looking for, but there’s also this: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.laflammestudios.island.android&hl=en_US&gl=US
Johny's Island - fun to play whenever, plus IIRC the progress gets saved so you don't have to worry about ending when you have to.
Yeh Fallout Shelter is more of a resource game than a survival game. Crashlands looks like Don't Starve but isn't out yet (on that note, Don't Starve recently came out on ios so there's a chance they'll bring it to Android at some point). Island isn't really hardcore but is fun for a while. Lifeline has survival elements. That's all I've come across, hoping we get some decent ones because it seems like something we're lacking at the moment.