Sounds like a fun project, but know that the best way to learn this stuff is to start with easy projects and build up. That said, the necessities are HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and SQL. To go further, you could use node.js (or a similar framework) to help with real-time event driven programming.
IMO, the best way to start is installing a local server and experiment yourself using online tutorials and stack overflow to help.
Managing the database isn't too hard, you would just run SQL (which is simple) through PHP.
Here's some links to get you started: * WAMP (Windows local server) * w3schools (great for learning the languages)
To learn the basics of git check out this link:
https://try.github.io/levels/1/challenges/1
For a beginner, it might be a little daunting, especially if you're not used to using the command line, but the basics are all you'll need and git is pretty much an industry standard as far as version control goes. On top of that, you'll have a free site hosted and the code is available there any time you need it.
That's actually the way. There isn't a better way. There are minor improvements you can make - say, ajaxing in results when filters are changed, but those are just still using the same mechanisms.
Edit: by "query string" I assume you mean "where clause parameters." E.g. http://laravel.com/docs/4.2/eloquent#query-scopes
About 5 years ago I used to work on the support side of a web hosting company. A tool I used a lot to look into site optimization was https://gtmetrix.com. It gives a letter grade and a breakdown of your site.
Gotcha. I would recommend using the free version of ProtonVPN. Its the one I use. It’s good, and is also very easy to figure out how to use (you click a button).
As a dev, being able to VPN into other locations, or to get access to things like the dev version of an API, is pretty common, so I would definitely recommend getting at least a little familiar.
Hope this helps!