For C itself, Kernighan and Ritchie's The C Programming Language had been the standard for about 30 years. For the Pebble C SDK, look at the tutorials on the Pebble developer site. They assume only a basic knowledge of C, so you should be able to jump into it fairly quickly.
The creator of Canvas, Steve Penna, now creates the official Pebble app for Android. It would be neat if the features of Canvas could be rolled into the official Pebble app (or if access permissions are an issue, be released as a separate-but-still-official Pebble app).
svg2pdc kinda, well, frankly, sucks. (and I don't think anyone would disagree with me) I don't think it was ever completed. I wouldn't be surprised if there are quite a few bugs in it. There was an online tool that I can't recall the name of but it went offline some time ago. Now probably the best thing you can use is /u/johannes-n's pdc.js and trace the image with something like LayerX if you're on a mac. It was discussed adding svg to pdc in it, but I don't know if he ever got around to it or intends to now.
However, Pebble does have the original animated PDCs for system animations (which is what OP is asking) available for download and inclusion in apps without a license (It was discussed in length previously.) if you poke around developer.pebble.com
As far as testing on hardware (I assume that's what you mean by isolation.) of course, that goes without saying.
> I'm not sure what this means, line 23 is blank
You probably want to look above line 23 for a syntax error somewhere. You're probably missing a brace or bracket.
If you're working with the SDK on your desktop, you might want to look for a good C IDE. A good IDE will highlight these kind of errors for you before you do a build.
I use CLion as my Pebble C IDE on Windows. They also have an OS X version.
Did you initialized rand with a seed? It looks like you didn't if it's always returning the same number.
In the begining of your file put this:
srand((unsigned) time(&t));
That has to be called once and before using rand() for the first time.
Some reference about the rand function and initialization: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/c_standard_library/c_function_rand.htm
Thank you very much for taking the time to reply (with such detail as well!) to my question.
I've bookmarked this post for easy future-reference and acquired several C books to assist in my learning. ("The C Programming Language" and "Programming In C - 4th Edition").
Thanks again.
Thanks for your response, I see that there is an app in the Play Store as well, can this be easier to dissect? I have an old iPad 2 that I'm not currently using, that I could jailbreak for this. Thank you again for your help, this gave me a direction to go in.