My first suggestion is to actually spend time learning the ins and outs of Android. With what you are complaining about, I can tell you haven't spent enough time trying to learn Android. You just want it to work like Windows. But since Microsoft had expected things like this, they have provided solutions. Microsoft has several apps for customizing your Android phone. Give Next Lock Screen a try. It may solve some of you problems. Cortana will probably fit some of what you want too.
I don't know how glance works, so I can't suggest anything there.
For weather on the lock screen, almost every weather app available will put something on the lock screen for you if you tell it to in the settings. But since I don't know how Windows did it, I can't give you an exact app to use. If it was a full screen display, try a live weather wallpaper that will show on the home screen and the lock screen.
Android calls this sneak peak. You have to go into the settings and give each app permission to use this. And you don't need to turn the lock screen on to see what the icon is for. For one thing, each icon is designed by the app developer and is unique to that app. Second, just swipe down from the top of the screen and pull down the notifications.
Most of the media apps have a widget with the media controls. They also have the option of putting the controls on the lock screen.
And if you really want the look of Windows, try a new launcher, like Launcher 8 Pro.
This is a pretty good catalog of Microsoft apps for Android.
Like Paul said, I replaced Google Assistant with Cortana. I wish I could get her to reliably respond to the Bluetooth button on my headset (using Tasker for that), but having the widget makes it tolerable.
He also should have mentioned that the Outlook app isn't quite, um, fully baked yet. It only does a 1-way sync on contacts and doesn't sync calendar items to the phone at all, which means you still have to use another app to get your Outlook.com calendar on the phone for Cortana. Nine is well worth the investment, because it is a better personal information management app and it syncs both contacts and calendars to the phone.
I hate not using our own app, but it is what it is.
(My opinions only, not MSFT's)
Here is a link to the older version Try uninstalling the current version and going back to this one, see if that resolves it. Otherwise maybe try it in a guest account if your phone supports it. Last resort would be a backup and reset of you phone.