Good question. Honestly I had to go through it all again just now since I made this a while back. Keep in mind I did it all on my phone (android) using three apps: GlitchLab, Adobe Lightroom, and Adobe Photoshop Express.
(1) I got the original image from pixabay. If you create an account you can download 4K+ res images (if they are available for that photo). They down sample nicely to GlitchLab Pro.
(2) Imported it to GlitchLab
(3) Sort > (not sure which option)
(4) Art > Random Pixelate
For this I also set the thickness to > 1
Pinch and drag, choose random seed, and mess with thickness for desired result
(5) post-processing in lightroom followed by ps express
That should achieve the same effect.
P.S. I may have gotten steps 3 & 4 out of order :P
Edit: here's the original image: https://pixabay.com/photos/apartments-architecture-balconies-1845884/
The video tutorials posted by the team behind the software are straight to the point and introduce you to basic syntax and language which you will need in order to understand (and make your own!) processing programs. Link to the tutorials.. There's also this more in depth look over here.
A basic understanding of C based programming languages (C++, C#, JavaScript etc) is also very helpful (you can find numerous tutorials online).
My recommendation, if you do want to learn how to use it, is that you watch their tutorial series, and then look up some projects on GitHub and look through the code, tweaking stuff to see which line does what.
Note: I'm still very much a beginner, please let me know if anything I've shared is inaccurate :)
If you have experience with programming you can start by playing around with some basic sorting algorithms like the bubble sort and change parameters until something comes out.
Processing is a nice java library with easy to learn tools and the docs have explanations for different pixel operations.
Confirmed cut out. If you find an algorithm that makes perfect dunes like this, please let me know.
EDIT: source: https://www.pexels.com/photo/desert-during-nighttime-847402/
I used glitch! for Android. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.lucagrillo.ImageGlitcher You can get great results with 2 clicks but unfortunately you don't have any control over the effects. So it's like maybe you're lucky and it turns out good.
I use a program called processing and this .pde that you can use to pixelsort. You will need both of these. From there, just program away! Screw around with the variables and don't forget to input the original image size!