There are indeed utilities for configuring clocks, power targets, etc. with GUI.
Have a look at CoreCtrl. Given that it's Qt based it should be working on Wayland. Although I have to admit I haven't tested it (yet).
> Is there something like nvidia-settings for AMD cards for configuring global settings, monitor arrangement, etc? Is that what this contains?
No, and that also simply isn't the GPU driver's job. Like /u/omniuni mentioned, arranging monitors and stuff is typically done in the settings panel of your desktop environment (which is just a frontend for RandR in X11, and for your compositor in Wayland).
However, I must admit that we could use a GUI tool like Radeon Settings for overclocking, cooling, power management, etc. CoreCtrl exists which covers most of that, but an official tool would be nice.
I prefer to use CoreCtrl, which is available in the AUR. It has a really nice UI like Wattman and I'm using it to undervolt my Vega 56. I haven't tried it with Navi myself, but it should be supported since version 1.1.0.
It does, you just need to take one extra step. I forgot the driver only exposes full control if you enable a kernel parameter. The instructions are here, this should work on most major distros and it's super easy. Just gotta add a line of text and then run a command. I don't know why it is this way though, you'd have to ask AMD. It's really strange if you ask me.
I would add CoreCtrl along to GameMode. CoreCtrl allow you to custom MHz, mV and other variables of a GPU:
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl/-/tree/master
Regards.
You will need some additional setup to be able to fully control it but the instructions are in the readme. It's not as easy as on radeon software imo, but it gets the job done. You can also download the heaven benchmark for linux to test your undervolt.
I would not recomend installing that as that will not do what your post seems to want. That download installs the amdgpu-pro drivers which are not at all useful for gaming or for most users. For most users it is simply recomended to go with the out of the box amdgpu drivers as you know.
I have heard of corectrl which may be useful.
r/linux_gaming is a good resource for info. Here is the wiki.
You can try to edit your profile with text editor in $HOME/.config/radeon-profile/
And corectrl have the same problem with this kernel too https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl/-/issues/230
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl/-/wikis/Setup
If your feeling more advanced, and don't mind editing some grub settings.
Important!
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="<other_params>... amdgpu.ppfeaturemask=0xffffffff"
Make sure not to put any of the <placeholder> in your grub config, or else you will break your grub. I did once. Teehee.
corectrl might be easier to use than radeonprofile. Runners do make a big difference. I have about 5 installed (3 for Lutris and 2 for Steam). Gloriouseggroll has the Proton-GE for Steam which I find to be better with some Steam games, but for many, the Proton Experimental (especially newer titles) gives better performance. Bit of trial and error to find the right combo unfortunately. Once you get your sea legs, custom kernels can also improve performance (but make sure you are comfortable with TimeShift first - good to have roll back points in case something goes wrong).
Have a look at https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl Hardware control with profiles for AMD gpu+cpu. I too changed from win to pop couple weeks ago, and so far im in awe, how well it runs for daily use + my primary games, lol & trackmania2020. Dont give up
Shouldn't it be possible to change the iGPU's power limit from Linux the same way it's possible on desktop Radeon cards?
I mean, unlocking the options with the boot parameter amdgpu.ppfeaturemask=0xffffffff
and then using a GUI (like CoreCtrl) or sysfs or some CLI tool like rocm-cli.
With my desktop Vega GPU I can do this to change the power limit from 260W to 240W for example:
# grep "amdgpu" /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon*/name /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon3/name:amdgpu
# cd /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon3/
# cat power1_cap 260000000
# echo 240000000 > power1_cap
Or with rocm-smi:
$ rocm-smi --showmaxpower $ rocm-smi --setpoweroverdrive 220 $ rocm-smi --resetpoweroverdrive
Is your GPU boosting its clocks, when you're playing? You can check with programs like corectrl or mangohud
I had a similar issue just recently, when I installed my VR headset and with all the games running in VR, my GPU would not switch to its gaming clock speed, until I forced them via corectrl.
Screen compositor might be another cause. You could try to turn it off and in KDE Plasma, the keyboard shortcut is (or at least was) alt+shift+f12
.
Hi,and welcome to the community ^^!
You should try teamredminer if you have an AMD card,also AMDVBFlash is available for linux,you can use that to flash a custom bios on your cards to increase the hashrates.
You can find some details about flashing bioses on linux here: https://andrealmeid.com/post/2020-05-01-vbios2/
Alsoe check out CoreCTRL to set Custom fan curves,and Clock/memory frequency and or Voltage.
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl
I personally use flypool and teamredminer on my RX580.
If you have any further questions ,feel free to contact me,and i'll try to answer them the best I can :) !
Before you completely give up try installing xanmod kernel it’s a simple enough install and will get you latest kernel on pop. Then look for coreCtrl their ppa also have latest Mesa drivers.
Do you have the same GPU as well? I was listening to the podcast, Linux For Everyone, and they mentioned the 5700XT as specifically having instability issues with the kernel driver STILL after being out for more than a year.
I've got the asus tuf gaming b550m-plus (wi-fi) mobo.
So far, the only way I've managed to keep my computer stable is using CoreCtrl with the default profile to automatically regulate the CPU and GPU clocks. Sooo, I don't really know the exact cause, but it seems like there may be some issues with the OS or even just BIOS with the CPU governor or GPU voltage, maybe? I might be talking out of my ass, though. Almost definitely.
Not too surprised about Pop_OS having the same issue since it uses the same foundation, but I was a little surprised about Manjaro having the same prob. Hopefully this isn't all gibberish to you since this is "linux4noobs." Definitely don't want to scare away anyone trying to get into linux. This is the first major issue I've run into since I started using Linux in 2003ish when I couldn't get my modem to work. Every other issue has been an easy fix with some googling.
Did you tried this app?
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl
To make it work you need to add amdgpu.ppfeaturemask=0xffffffff to your bootloader configuration. May be it is needed when you manually change it as you do.
I’ve been using CoreCtrl with great success for this. It’s not as flashy as Radeon Software for Windows, but it gets the job done. You might have to enable certain kernel boot parameters for more advanced GPU settings, you can learn more in the project’s wiki.
I use Linux and control fan and AIO pump curves directly in bios. For monitoring and controlling AMD’s GPU you can use CoreCtrl, it allows undervolting and changing GPU fan speeds https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl
What? It most certainly does offer P-State voltage control on an individual level, at least on my Fury Nano.
I also have my OC restored on boot, I did have to do some polkit config but it was literally 30 seconds of work, not quite as dramatic as you said. (eg. Saying the steps to do it twice, then "and all that nonsense" afterwards when it's...well, adding a rules file that you can basically copy-paste.)
Also, I can save and load global profiles from disk manually in CoreCtrl quite easily? I just hit "Export Profile" for the one I'm wanting to save and load it from disk, it's not 100% polished but it certainly works.
Best thing to do for AMD GPU drivers on Linux is to keep Mesa and the Kernel up to date. I think Oibpaf PPA will handle the Mesa part and you should be able to use the Update feature in Ubuntu to update to the latest Kernel.
For monitoring the GPU stats or power/overclocking settings (and to have an AMD-like interface for your GPU), you can try something like CoreCtrl: https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl
If you haven't changed any settings at all for your GPU, you should be on the Kernel drivers. Here is a recent article from Phoronix showing performance differences of the Kernel (AMDGPU) vs RADV and RADV + ACO: https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=mesa-201aco-amd&num=1
If you want to try RADV/RADV + ACO out, you can check out this other Phoronix article : https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=radv-aco-navi&num=1
You can even set it in /etc/environment (RADV_PERFTEST=aco)
You could try CoreCtrl.
You can set the fans at a fixed value or make a curve which suits you. It also supports 0 rpm fan mode and per game profiles just like the radeon settings on windows.
I use CoreCtrl which is the closest thing to Radeon control panel in Linux and quite a bit more more than just a monitoring software: advanced voltage, fan and clocking controls plus performance governor manegement for Intel cpus...
​
radeontop is a terminal based monitoring tool, but a bit underwhelming imo.
​
Neither have fps reporting.
Hmm, this is strange (from https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl/-/wikis/Installation):
pci.ids
file. Found on the hwdata package.
I have just checked, and pacman -Ql hwdata
does show
/usr/share/hwdata/pci.ids
No, you get one better. https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl
In case WattmanGTK or radeon-profile isn't to your liking.
I'm super grateful for nvidia-settings. Not because it has a bunch of cool features, but because it allows basic, rudimentary features to work. I didn't need an equivalent with an AMD card. It's a super awesome why the hell isn't this working tool. Which again, I'm grateful for.
Well first of all if you dont mind dkms
, AMD always has day 1 closed source drivers too (amdgpu-pro
).
And regarding control panels, Linux will always have text as its primary way of interfacing with the system/kernel. But if you want a GUI there are wrappers such as Corectrl
First of all, excellent post and troubleshooting!
How did you deactivate CoreCtrl? If it was by using "Do Not Control," it might still be your problem. I found a gitlab issue to that effect, at least. Solution was to use CoreCtrl v1.1.5 instead of CoreCtrl v1.2.0 or above.
Not sure if that will help, but it's all I got.
To control your GPU I believe you need additional software. For NVIDIA you can do this with GreenWithEnvy. For AMD you can do it with radeon-profile or CoreCTRL.
For AMD, I recommend CoreCTRL.
Check out these (amdgpu driver issue with kernel 5.15), the amd thread has kernel patches, which are on the way:
Core Control is nice software for Linux distros. You will have to edit grub file to gain access to voltage, there is a description of this in the setup for full AMD GPU controls. You should be able to find some baseline OC settings online, follow those and then from there, lower core frequency, get mem frequency high as you can with being stable, and also undervolt. Got my 5700 XT mem temps from 104 C down to 90-92 C this way.
Another way of setting your GPU profile is to use Corectrl.
To get access to hidden features, it is recommended to add amdgpu.ppfeaturemask=0xffffffff
to your /etc/default/grub
and after that, run:
sudo update-grub
or
sudo grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Details here.
I found that in my system I was getting double images and flickering, whenever I turned my head (almost like the cable on my headset was broken). To fix that I had to add this to my /home/USER/.local/share/Steam/config/steamvr.vrsettings
file. Shutdown SteamVR and Steam, before you edit this file:
{ "steamvr" : { "enableLinuxVulkanAsync" : false, } }
Pay attention to the formatting of that file. There is a comma after each line, except if it is the last entry in that code block.
You state wine 6.0.1, but are we not supposed to have 6.19 installed, after following the steps on 1a - Pre-install? Maybe https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl can offer some solution, via the profile manager, to give league full performance from the hardware. I have about the same hardware as you, and league is running absolutely flawless, 144fps, on the highest settings
AFAICT the extra performance comes from boosting the memory clock to give more bandwidth, but I couldn't get that to happen. I'm using CoreCtrl which should be able to control everything but like I said, changing the voltage offset doesn't seem to make any difference although the offset is reported outside of CoreCtrl. All I've been able to do is lower core clock to 1150. I'll try updating Linux kernel (drivers are included in it) and see if that gives more options.
Thanks for the hints anyway.
I don't know if it supports RDNA2 yet, but on my RX580, I use corectrl to lock out all but the lowest core and memory p-states in the default profile, and then re-enable them with application profiles.
The driver is supposed to clock down the memory if all your monitors have matched video modes with a long enough vertical blanking period, but I've never seen all the chakras aligned properly for that to work.
Try modifying your steamvr.vrsettings
file as instructed here:
https://github.com/ValveSoftware/SteamVR-for-Linux/issues/230#issuecomment-520848611
I would also install Corectrl and make sure that your GPU is boosting its clocks properly (and maybe put the GPU in VR mode)
You didn't specify what do you want to do with "gpu software" as Adrenalin does a lot of things, configuration, launcher, streaming, etc. The Linux philosophy is to dedicate programs to a task rather then the windows omnibus approach.
For configuration of fan-curves, oc, monitoring, I would recommend CoreCtrl. There is also tuxclocker.
It's the system governor. Try installing corectrl, start the application, and go to the CPU tab. Next to Frequency governor, select On demand or Performance. Then hit apply.
Does that make any difference for you?
CoreCtrl for adjusting GPU, very neat and must-have tool. Follow the setup guide, set Performance mode to advanced and set Power profile to Compute. Last step is important, because it defaults to 3D Fullscreen. Compute does seemingly smart clocking and adjusts loads well for even gaming (ymmw). Also when you are doing the manual configuration, it might benefit performance/power consumption to undervolt.
What is your exact GPU model?
Yes a lot of Linux installers can be confusing, and it is actually ridiculous that people can't get this right. On the bright side I will tell you that if you're installing on an empty hard drive you have nothing to be scared of. Most installers come with reasonable filesystem partitioning schemes by default so you don't need to change anything. And even if you do there is always internet to refer to.
Recording and streaming can be a bit involved because of switching to Wayland that has been happening for the last few years, so some things have yet to fall into place. I am not a streamer so I don't know the specifics, but I do know that OBS has received patches for recording under Wayland. Nvidia has some issues with wayland that need to be resolved, until then it is best to use X server with Nvidia, while AMD can handle both X and Wayland just fine. Alternatively, you can just use X session instead of Wayland and that should make things dead simple.
Overclocking AMD GPUs works just fine with software such as corectrl, you can even do it without any specialized software using only terminal, although that's a bit too hardcore for a Linux newcomer. I have no experience with overclocking Nvidia hardware on Linux, although from what I've heard that works too.
Whats the exact command you are using to launch it from your autostart .desktop file?
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl/-/wikis/Setup
Mentions
>> Don't ask for user password CoreCtrl uses a helper with root privileges to control your system. In order to start the helper, the system will ask you to enter your user password. If you want to avoid being asked every time for your password, you can grant root access to the helper permanently.
Then gives some guide on setting it up.
You might want to look into "Corectrl"
It is a bit on the hard side to get working, but currently the only tool that is somewhat on par with the AMD-Windows software.
But when it works it is great, I got my RX570 from idling at 40W down to 10W.
Also the 1.3GB usage doesn't seem out of the ordinary, I have a 4k screen and run KDE and I get the same number with just Firefox open. ~700MB with nothing open.
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl <-- looks like wattman, works as expected. but you must set a boot parameter for overclocking: amdgpu.ppfeaturemask=0xffffffff
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl as an alternative to MSI afterburner.
Im not sure what functionality adobe reader has so I cant say much about that.
Yes your best bet for those games is to dual boot. The other option is VFIO but it is tedious to setup and may not work on your system at all. r
Make sure you use steam and/or lutris for your games, they're great. r/linux_gaming
If you have trouble finding a distribution, just pick whatever looks the best out of the box unless you have other factors in mind.
1: Most. For Xbox controllers and the dongle I use xow, though.
2: Yes, especially with Lutris. I'm not a fan, though, and prefer steam or manual installs. People openly hostile to my platform of choice aren't my first go-to.
3: Yes, just fine for AMD since they keep releasing open source drivers. For Nvidia, I heard it's messier. I like to use this utility, personally.
Thanks! Followed that exact advice via the CoreCtrl setup page and was at last able to set it to the "Low" fixed performance mode with a 300 MHz GPU clock speed. Woo!
In the 'Advanced' mode, why does the clock speed never actually enter 'State 0', or sit idle at 300 MHz? Only a nuisance as the only graphically intensive thing I do on Manjaro at the moment is run Minecraft, so it'd be nice if it could sit quiet normally but power up for that. I guess I'll have to work out how to configure a power state for it...
Me again. The issue I made here got closed by a contributor. Apparently it is a QT regression issue. He suggested I try master(1.2.0-dev) version of CoreCtrl
I also use my RX 5700XT Nitro+ for half a year now and have no issues at all. The drivers in Linux are way better then in Windows.
I use it mostly for 1080@144fps gaming for titles like The Witcher 3, Battlefield 4 and Final Fantasy xiv.
You should also consider using CoreCtrl, which is a nice tool to manage your fan curves, frequencies and voltages, just like the radeon driver in windows.
You need to add amdgpu.ppfeaturemask=0xffffffff
to your kernel boot parameters to unlock the overclocking options. ^(Might void your warranty, who knows really.)
You may have been looking at the arch wiki page for the old radeon driver. See this one about amdgpu: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/AMDGPU#Overclocking
> Lastly I've already tried this as root; > > echo 185000000 > /sys/class/drm/card0/device/hwmon/hwmon3/power1_cap_max
You need to write to power1_cap
, not power1_cap_max
.
Lastly, I assume you know this and it's not the problem but just in case since it's a bit obscure:
If you run something like sudo echo "..." > power1_cap
it will fail to write since only the echo process is elevated by sudo but it's the current shell that is trying to write to the file. So either switch to a root shell before (sudo -i
) or use something like:
echo 185000000 | sudo tee power1_cap
Edit: If you're looking for GUI overclocking tools, check out TuxClocker and CoreCtrl
To be able to play with the voltage you will have to do what it described here at "full and gpu control"
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl/-/wikis/Setup#full-amd-gpu-controls
It's fairly well explained in this link. And this change will work directly after the reboot.
Hope it will help.
I use corectrl for AMD GPU
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl/-/wikis/home
​
and use my bios for System fans and CPU until corectrl adds that feature
For the GPU overclocking there is this:
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl
>I have to set my gpu at certain clocks and voltage otherwise it crashes
That would imply that you GPU is not working properly in general.
For the RGB control there is OpenRGB but it is a bit bare-bones. But if you do not change the rgb often you can just keep a small disk with windows to boot it up every-time you want to change it. The configuration are usually retain on board so.
For Civ 6. It has native support. If it does not work then send a support ticket to Aspyr.
> powerupp
Any link to the project's page?
For some reason I cannot find it.
I currently use CoreCTRL:
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl
But still looks like there are so many things missing compared to the official GUI from AMD
And I see that there's another one here:
https://github.com/marazmista/radeon-profile
But I haven't tested it since I just found out about it now and I don't see an easier way to install on Ubuntu than compiling it.
Temperature monitoring software basically revolves around lm-sensors (you even have basic 'sensor' command in terminal to read current sensors status), there are various tools that are basically lm-sensors frontend.
This should have you covered, except for RGB diarrhea christmas lights RAM.
Corectrl needs to be running, for me the program starts at boot and I have to supply my password, which I need to change. The first link covers auto start and root permissions. Also at the same link is a kernel boot parameter I had to add to be able to adjust GPU voltage. You may or may not need to do the same. I got a lot of artifacts when using Performance mode: Advanced and had to lock the memory frequency to 2000MHz.
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl/-/wikis/Setup
Setting up fan stop https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl/-/wikis/AMD-GPUs
>Hi guys,
>
>i've alread found why most of the games shuttering. GPU stil is on PowerSaning mode. i install ed CoreCTRL https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl
>
>then i changed Performance to Advance the switched Power profile to 3D Fullscreen (works on Compute mode too ) then i increased Power limit (W), GPU frequency and Memory Frequency to maximum amount. it's running like native games.
some of these issues can be easily remedied / looked into.
Nicer desktop is a personal opinion so I can't help you there but i have to guess you have most of the time tried gnome and cinnamon desktops as ubuntu / pop use gnome and mint uses cinnamon. If you like to modify the look of the desktop and tinker with it try KDE (kubuntu comes to mind) if you want a lighter desktop XFCE (Xubuntu) is light and also very customizable but there are many others and if you want to try a lot of desktops you can install them at the same time.
Flickering might be a issue with composer or badly configured mesa setup but as i don't use transparency at all on my system I just disable it out of the box on my systems but some composers have a few options xrender and ogl versions so changing settings help sometimes.
DAC issues could possibly be solved with JACK or some other audio software but I have not really had a issue with one so can't help you much there sorry.
AMDGPU has a few tools that work quite well and even gpu ocing support ... issue is that some gpus don't take that very well. If you want to monitor the gpu corectrl can do that and overclock the gpu if you don't have issues and set a boot parameter. radeontop is a thing if you are more comfy with the terminal and just want a gpu use readout. You can also use mangohud for a hud to be drawn if you require it but that is independent on gpu vender and can be used with NVIDIA if you want.
Bonus little bit ryzenadj if you have a amd zen1 laptop is a bunch of fun to tinker with also works on windows as far as I know.
I am not speaking on behalf of rpcs3 and barely use redit
Don't force it if it doesn't work, that might break your system or something. If don't know what any of that means.
Did you get this tar file from
Is the difference with this method and using something like CoreCtrl, that you can adjust your voltages as well as clock speeds? I can't see any voltage adjustments in CoreCtrl. I can only set a power limit and adjust the clock speeds and fan speeds.
I have a Vega 56 in my desktop, running Arch Linux with the LTS kernel (5.5). It was a bit finicky when the card was brand new and the drivers had only just been merged, but it's rock solid now - been a year or so since my last GPU-related crash. It's not quite as easy to tweak the clock/voltage settings (they're exposed via sysfs) but CoreCtrl has worked well for undervolting for me.
> When it comes to dissapointments its the lack of easily usable official GUI software ala Radeon Settings to tweak on a game-by-game basis and such.
From what I understand, CoreCtrl gets pretty close as a good stand-in for Wattman.
what is your target FPS and Resolution and what are your top games / use case?
I use this on my Vega 64 for fan controls
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl
I am happy. There are many variables and what's good for one person isn't always the same for another. Also is important is what Linux stuff you use your machine for other than gaming and how much.
CoreCtrl looks very similar to Radeon Software: https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl And WattmanGTK is also nice looking: https://github.com/BoukeHaarsma23/WattmanGTK Though since I don't OC I can't say if they work very well, but I do use a fan controller that works great called amdgpu-fan: https://github.com/chestm007/amdgpu-fan
For NV cards there's GWE, but I don't know that there's much for AMD cards.
Tuxclocker appears to not work on Radeon 7 and newer. Also while it's in the AUR it has some NV dependencies for whatever reason, so you'd probably just want to build it.
WattmanGtk looks to be dead or dieing. The AUR package is quite old.
CoreCtrl perhaps? Haven't used it (or any of these) personally but might be something to try.
For the CPU just good'ol BIOS, and for the GPU I use CoreCTRL(shown in the comment).
​
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl
​
It's in the depos of Fedora and Manjaro.
​
WattmanGTK needs a command line to apply settings but it's nice and this will probably be fixed in the near future, radeon profile is a classic though I don't use it personnaly. For Nvidia GPUs there's nvidiux and tuxclocker, corectrl might also work.
I think whatever control panel would actually be not made by AMD considering the open driver.
Control-wise I feel like setting fan curvature is enough for me with CoreCtrl
Drivers are installed by default. You can update them via PPA's though.
If you are seeking for some tool like RadeonSettings, there are a few options you have.
https://gitlab.com/corectrl/corectrl
I use Nvidia so that particular "radeonsettings" alike softwares is not an area that i'm really familiar.
Though don't afraid to use Google search for those stuff. Using English is a key step since you might not be able to find localized articles for that kind of stuff. Or they will be so outdated even if you find some.
Once the profiles are configured, do they work independently of logins and desktop sessions? For example, will CoreCtrl continue to adjust fan speeds as core temperatures change, even when nobody is logged in, or when the active desktop user is not the user with permission to configure profiles?
This is important to people who run CPU/GPU-intensive background services, and those who do their gaming in an account with no access to any special privileges (not even sudo or special policykit permissions). AFAIK, fancontrol is still the only solution for such things, but it is rather primitive, and CoreCtrl looks like it would be a very welcome upgrade if it could do its work as a daemon.
Also, what bits in the amdgpu.ppfeaturemask are actually needed to get full functionality from CoreCtrl? The wiki suggests turning them all on, including those that haven't even been defined yet. That seems unwise, since some of these flags are not intended for use with every GPU, and future ones could potentially be assigned to enable unstable or even risky behavior. For reference, here are the currently defined flags.