On its ownsome its unlikely the experience of a tulpa would meet criteria for schizophrenia, due to the lack of any other symptoms, and the fact that it appears this is an intentional creation and based on current DSM-V a diagnosis requires a constellation of symptoms. Also in absence of any impairment in functioning usually a diagnosis will not be made.
While is isn't currently included in the DSM for schizophrenia, it is generally important to consider culture and community in mental health diagnosis. This author believes that Tuplamancy is some form of collection reality creation https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Samuel_Veissiere/publication/278671032_Varieties_of_Tulpa_Experiences_The_Hypnotic_Nature_of_Human_Sociality_Personhood_and_Interphenomenality/links/5582522008aeab1e4666e9e1.pdf
I couldn't see any literature linking mental illness and Tulpa
Dr. Paul Ekman, a specialist on the psychology of lying calls this telling the truth falsely,
He defines this as "admitting the truth but with such exaggeration or humor that the target remains uniformed or misled."
What makes some a lie is not that the statement is false, but rather the intent to mislead.
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/ColleenFarrelly/understanding-the-profoundly-gifted
If you're a total beginner, this slideshow is a great introduction. Colleen Farrelly writes a lot about giftedness on Quora. You should browse Quora's PG topic: https://www.quora.com/topic/Profound-Giftedness PG means an IQ of 160+ (sometimes that's called exceptional giftedness instead, with PG pushed to 175-180+). If your kid isn't that gifted, you can still use most of the information you read about PGs. Just tone down the highs and lows in proportion to the kid's giftedness. Do you know their IQ?
If you don't find what you need there, I suggest finding a psychometrician or gifted person to ask directly. There are many on Quora who spend hours answering curious people's questions about extreme intelligence. Psychometrics is a hobby of mine, and I like to think I'm pretty knowledgeable in it, so you can also PM me. I'm not an expert, but I'm generous with my time.
A personality disorder is an umbrella term for a broad range of things. It can be anything from Narsicism, Psychopathy, Borderline PD, Sociopathy, Paranoid Personality Disorder, Schizoid Personality Disorder. You can see what you are referring to covers a broad spectrum of mental illnesses.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20354463
You might also give "The Art of Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In" by Roger Fisher, William Ury & Bruce Patton a read ~ Originally published in 1981 & still remains on the Harvard list of best reads.
Read "The Willpower Instinct", "Making Habits, Breaking Habits", "The Power of Habit", and /or "Switch". Or look for online presentations by the authors for quick consumption. Or search BJ Fogg's "Tiny Habits"
The shock thing would be operant conditioning, not classical conditioning, just to get the terminology right. And yes, both operant and classical conditioning are effective on us.
For an example of classical conditioning, have you ever consumed so much of a certain type of alcoholic beverage that the next time you think about drinking that beverage you wanted to puke? That's classical conditioning.
Because operant conditioning requires someone to administer consequences it is more difficult to come up with an example that could be self-administered, but bed wetting alarms to treat enuresis works and has some evidence to suggest it works in adults.
Neuropsychology/Neurology: The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat by Oliver Sacks Existential/Humanist Psychology- Man's Search for Meaning by Viking Frankl
Both of these are awesome books and could get you started if you are at all interested in these two sub fields of Psych.
I'm a psychology major but most of my free reading time is dedicated to secular Buddhist books that discuss meditation (which I hope to do research on in grad school) so sorry I cannot make suggestions more broadly.
I suggest going to your nearest Barnes and Noble. They have a section dedicated to Psychology and even break the books down by subfield.
It really depends on what you want to explore. As my favourite is cognitive psych, I recommend things like Thinking, Fast and Slow and Meanings of Life. But psychology is an enormous field with many specializations.
The philosopher Michel de Montaigne talked about unwanted physical manifestations of emotional states. In one of his essays he talks specifically about erectile dysfunction, how it is not only the disposition towards it but the fear and anticipation of it the causes it. His advice is acknowledge the possibility of it happening, and by accepting this, it lessens the likelihood that it will.
Similarly, Viktor Frankl talks about excessive sweating in his book "Man's Search for Meaning". He talks about "paradoxical intention", in which a man who sweats excessively in stressful situations tries to not lessen his sweating, but try and make it even worse, with the contradictory effect of him not sweating excessively at all.
Possibly the LaRouche movement.
Background. I don't know must about the LaRouche movement myself. I'm getting my info from <em>Alcoholics Anonymous: Cult or Cure</em>.
The content of the book is very uneven, with some parts being well reasoned and thought provoking and others (IMHO) being shaking-my-head laughable. One of the better parts includes a very practical definition of cult. It isn't written in terms of yes or no, but rather as a list of characteristics that cults tend to have.
They apply the definition to various organizations, one being the LaRouche movement. And they conclude that it's very cult-ish.
This is the book I recommend to my clients in the situation you’ve described: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B08WHRHCZH/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B08WHRHCZH&linkCode=as2&tag=choosingthera-20&linkId=e20a43d0a55795c6b9e91c85501641ee
While I don't have any saved, I was able to find this one that seems to represent the topic well. I'll include a key quote below that starts off the article and makes the distinction clear:
"Leon Festinger first described the psychological causes and consequences of inconsistencies between behavior and belief 50 years ago in his seminal book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). According to Festinger (1957), the perception of an inconsistency between behavior and belief induces a negative state of tension that is similar to how people feel when they are hungry or thirsty"
It depends on what your goals are. If you want to get into psychology, as in learn some of the contemporary views in the field, Freud is not the answer. Some people still do research on his ideas and do psychotherapy based on his theories, but for most of the field it’s really only of historical interest (I’ve only read his works as an undergraduate in history of psych courses).
If you’re serious about learning about psych, you might consider picking up an intro text, which will cover all the big areas of study in psychology (albeit very briefly). I like the ones that do a good job of challenging typical misconceptions, since you’ll have many. https://www.amazon.com/Psychology-Inquiry-Understanding-Scott-Lilienfeld/dp/0134552512/ref=mp_s_a_1_2?adgrpid=59751127127&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIxPavkLzx-gIVrsqUCR34FQDvEAAYASAAEgLftfD_BwE&hvadid=617005325241&hvdev=m&hvlocphy=9003364&am...
Once you’ve gone through an intro text, you’ll at least have some idea of what psychology as a scientific discipline is all about.
This is by contrast to reading Freud, where you’ll get a cool perspective on his theory of personality and psychopathology, but nothing else.
You can select a clinical psychology graduate program based on the amount of research involvement you’d like to have. Some programs encourage more than others.
I strongly recommend this book and getting a good advisor before applying to grad school though: https://www.amazon.com/Insiders-Graduate-Programs-Counseling-Psychology/dp/1462548474/ref=asc_df_1462548474?tag=hyprod-20&linkCode=df0&hvadid=526763498393&hvpos=&hvnetw=g&hvrand=7439058847938103632&hvpone=&hvptwo=&h...
All the questions that you posted (and more) are answered in this book: The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach (2nd Edition, 2018).
/u/TwistedAsura has already explained some of the classic theories of humor (Relief theory, superiority theory, and incongruity theory). As the book explains, the problem with the classic theories is they have a smaller scope i.e. they explain a small subset of humor, but there are several types of humor that don't fit these theories.
Modern theories of humor have a way larger scope i.e. they explain almost everything funny, including all the questions in your OP. So, I suggest you read that book.
The book is a bit expensive, though. If you can't afford it, DM me.
Maybe look into voluntary psychogenic tremors.
I have no doubt that if you're being thoughtful and intentional about therapy research you'd be able to get quality data and conclusions. The problem is... how many academic researchers are there that are thinking critically about this with lived clinical experience? Given that their career often depends on publishing, the deeper that the two of us dive into designing a quality therapy study, the further away we get from achieving what we may call significant and successful outcomes. Additionally, many academic researchers are divorced and separated from actual clinical work, so they don't often have the lived experience of questioning and evaluating the underlying premises of their methodologies.
This book was required reading in my program. I wish every researcher read it without feeling attacked and modified their methodologies accordingly, but unfortunately it's much easier to pump out short-term manualized studies.. I appreciate your passion for making therapy research high-quality though! We really need that.
What do you mean by “reliable?”
Despite what you might see on Quora, intelligence is a fairly well established construct in psychology. Entire courses are taught in grad school (e.g., here’s a sample text: https://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Intellectual-Assessment-Fourth-Theories/dp/146253578X/ref=mp_s_a_1_7?crid=2GQJIRO53ISL5&keywords=intelligence+dawn+flanagan&qid=1657628214&sprefix=intelligence+dawn+flanagan%2Caps%2C66&sr=8-7). And scores from established tests are used diagnostically (eg, to diagnose intellectual developmental disorder and rule out many competing diagnoses in comprehensive assessments.)
Understanding the statistical definition of reliability, knowing what validity means, how scales are constructed, and how to evaluate their use is typically well beyond what we can convey to the public. Yet these are foundational to evaluating the merit of intelligence (or really most constructs in psychology). This creates kind of a disconnect between experts and the layperson.
Your question, are there intelligent people who score low on IQ tests, rests on two different definitions of intelligence. The intelligence measured by a test is psychometric intelligence. This correlates with, but is not the same as, other types of “intelligence” that we talk about in everyday language, like emotional intelligence or creative intelligence. You can be quite emotionally savvy and have an average or below average IQ. What we tend to see is that these traits go together, though there are of course exceptions (there are some studies that show that people with extremely high IQ may struggle to maintain social relationships.)
he did not write it himself, but wrote the preface to the book Mind Over Mood - Dennis Greenberger & Christine A. Padesky This book is intended for lay people and patients. It is an excellent book and it has exercises to practice.Book Mind over mood in amazon
The Social Animal by Elliot & Joshua Aronson - it's not cheap but it's worth it.
You're welcome!
If you or someone you know has ADHD, I highly recommend Russell Barkley. He has tons of stuff on YouTube, like this ~15 minute video that gives a run down of ADHD.
I read his book Taking Charge of Adult ADHD.
It was just one explanation after another of (almost) everything I have struggled with in my life--from socializing to motivation to time management to all sorts of things.
I've implemented a number of his strategies with much success.
No, as I said, the efficacy of psychotherapy for OCD is well-documented. OCD is an anxiety disorder that's possible to treat through psychotherapy, and it works through the employment of exposure and response prevention.
Sounds like a dysfunctional emotional coping mechanisms. You have a strategy of avoiding difficult emotions. So when these emotions actually requires that you act on them, your avoidance will make your problem continually bigger, making your averse emotions in turn stronger and ultimately your avoidance more likely. It sounds a bit like something called repressive coping.
As emotion regulation, Koole has called it need-oriented emotion regulation. See second paragraph p. 14 here: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sander_Koole/publication/240236228_The_psychology_of_emotion_regulation_An_integrative_review_Cognition_and_Emotion_23_4-41/links/004635243fe1db0ce2000000.pdf
Maybe OP wants a verified formal system to select promising employees, not necessarily a personality test. In that case, I'd recommend looking at what research has to say about hiring. The combination of a well-designed structured job interview, an intelligence test, a work sample, and perhaps a test for integrity might suit OP's needs.
Some pointers:
(1) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=4613543 provides a good summary. Be sure to check out the cited references.
(2) works by Heinz Schuler (how to construct a structured interview)
Put an asterisk next to that, not AS effective as for those with mood disorders. Some research sounds promising for improvement of negative symptoms, or that's my read of this meta-analysis.
Learn to code. It's like having the ability to create anything you want and the materials are free! For example, I turned my gaming and code interests into a full blown league that was acknowledged and backed up by the game developers.
You could build a website thats just a blog of shit you like.. You can build a tool that makes your life easier. Basically anything!
For clarification, this is the kind of stuff I wonder whether it is actually legitimate for people who are clearly not clinicians to label people they clearly do not know are narcissists as narcissists: https://payhip.com/b/whkV
It kind of touches on what I was trying to express before where it seems to me that people are very quick to label anyone who they think inflicted some kind of traumatic experience upon them as a narcissist. Not to belittle the experiences told by the person who wrote that blog, but it seems dubious to me to so blatantly express that her mother was a narcissist when there is no evidence to support it outside of claiming that she is.
She could, for all we know, have a fair share of other mental health problems that could make living with her as toxic. It's not like narcissists have first priority in being difficult people to live together with and can wreak havoc on their personal relationships with people, and I don't understand exactly why narcissists have gotten this label. It is difficult living with anyone who has mental health issues, even depression, and I guess at some level it also seems very easy to blame it all on "they were a narcissist".
I've also seen examples of self-help books in how to identify narcissists around you which again seems dubious, since people with the actual diagnosis are likely far and few between.
Your question doesn't quite match what you seem to be driving at, but nevertheless...kinda. humans are quite evolved for rumination , that is...thinking of threats long after the initial stimulus threat has passed. There is some emerging research showing that higher iq individuals show greater physiological and psychological reactability, I suppose you mighr call that a greater capacity for obsession.
To your original question, there are some animals that show (from an anthropromorphised perspective) obsessive qualities. Read about this tiger who hunted a man down after injuring the tiger and stealing his kill.
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129551459
This has many names, so there will be a lot of suggestions. I think most appropriately applied to your example, would be the concept of a compensatory secondary control strategy. This is used in Heckhausens motivational theory of lifespan development in which people are seen to strive for control over their environments. This is a fundamental and universal tendency according to Heckhausen, and the failure of experiencing this control is related to psychological maladjustment and poor mental health. In your example, you strive to attain a goal -- you work by allocating resources and attention, social support, etc. But then you fail to attain the goal that you strive for. In order to maximize primary control striving, you change your self so that it is more congruent with your environment. This includes disengaging from the goal of grad school, engaging in other goals, lowering your expectations, etc.
There are probably other conceptions, but your example has to do with motivation, so theories of lifespan development is probably the most relevant ones to tackle your question.
The Rescorla-Wagner model was devised to explain Pavlovian conditioning, or classical conditioning, as it's also known.
According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, prediction error is the key to conditioning. In other words, we all make predictions to explain our life, like "that man ringing a bell has nothing to do with me getting fed". When these predictions are wrong, conditioning happens. So if someone rings a bell, and then gives you food, you're conditioned to associate that bell with food, because your prediction that the bell having nothing to do with food was wrong. But if you ring a bell and then get yourself food, conditioning does not happen, because you predicted getting yourself food. You can't condition yourself.
Assuming you live alone and have decent memory, opening your refrigerator door will never be a surprise to you, because you'll have a very accurate prediction of what you'll see. Assuming that you live alone, are a good judge of time, and are not easily distracted, the microwave dinging will never be a surprise to you either. So there's certainly no new conditioning happening here.
Assuming that you do not live alone, you have the influence of other people to contend with, so your responses to these stimuli will vary depending on the behavior of whoever you live with. If your roommate makes things for you all the time, you might come to associate the dinging of the microwave with food for you. If, on the other hand, your roommate only ever heats up food for themself, you will not develop that association. And if you do a lot of microwaving yourself, that will weaken the effects of any conditioning that might occur when your roommate microwaves.
The Big 5 definitely has it's flaws, and if you're looking to learn - Why you are who you are by Mark Leary is a great start. In short, the issues are as follows:
However, there is area where I have experience using this and has served as a useful tool.
Merchants of doubt talks about how doubt on climate change has been willfully spread, and how tobacco companies used similar tactics. I haven't read it myself though.
The anti-vaccine movement was started by a doctor named Andrew Wakefield, and a few celebrities latched onto it and spread it on their twitter feeds and such.
Thank you for the comment :). If you really want to go down this rabbit hole, then I recommend this book. Choose wisely whether or not you want to go down the rabbit hole though ;) For better and for worse, the world looks a lot different when you stop believing in free will.
I don't think we lose our humanity, after all, being able to suppress our desires is part of human nature. So it's more that some parts of our humanity are suppressing other parts. Emotions are more central to us than they often get credit for, but again it can often be useful for individuals to distance themselves from unwanted and contextually unuseful emotions.
For more on this, I would recommend Robert Wright's book Why Buddhism Is True . It investigates buddhism from the perspective of modern evolutionary psychology and cognitive neuroscience.
I'm not a therapist, so take my comments with a grain of salt.
Try this book: https://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Treating-Chronic-Shame-Neurobiological-ebook/dp/B015CLFM72
The author defines shame as "an experience of one’s felt sense of self disintegrating in relation to a dysregulating other". In more understandable English, this means that shame is the experience of feeling worthless, unlovable, not understanding how anyone could ever accept you, self-loathing, etc. because you fail to get the emotional connection and support you need from someone important. This disorders usually stems in childhood when a parent or caregiver fails to provide adequate emotional support to their child during times of distress. Because children look up to their parents and have to make sense of why they are not getting the support they need, the story they start believing is, as an example, "I am feeling upset that I failed to make the soccer team. I feel like a failure. My mom and dad aren't encouraging me at all, so therefore, I really must be a failure. I hate myself. I can't seem to do anything right."
Unfortunately, I think shame is often overlooked because it can manifest itself in anxiety, depressive, eating disorders, etc. which are classically more concrete, "tangible" disorders.
​
Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion, Revised Edition
This book is an academic look at modern psychologically developed marketing practices and how they convince, manipulate, and influence consumers.
All the marketing techniques herein could and are used to control and manipulate people. The book even mentions that it could serve as a guide to intentionally hone unethical and manipulative influence over others.
> Username checks out with response. (no comment!)
Get yourself a copy of Marcus Aurelius' Meditations - this is a nice readable paperback you can carry with you daily
Pick it up daily and read a paragraph
That's all you need to do for now. A master or mentor is helpful, but they are in short supply these days
I'll try to keep my answer as brief as possible. My advice would be to: -When you recognize you are feeling an undesired emotion, take a step back and analyse it, notice it and question it. ie when you are feeling irritable take a step back, observe it, and ask yourself why am I feeling this. -Read some stoic philosophy, I highly recommend Meditations by Marcus Aurelius, it was life changing for me.
Less technical, more enjoyable reads include:
The Psychopathy Test by Jon Robson
this isn't really technical, but it's an interesting writers exploration into Psychopaths and the theory that positions of power (business leaders, politicians, etc) are disproportionately populated by the like. Thee power attracts them, and the pathology allows them to Excel.
Emotions Revealed by Paul Ekman
compilation of Ekman's work discussing universal human emotion and event techniques to identify when someone is being deceptive.
Predictably Irrational by Dan Ariely
Ariely highlights the most interesting parts of his research explaining how human behavior is full of irrationality. What may seem like the best deal or smartest move can be far from it if you apply critical thinking.
I am almost certain I read it in a pop psychology context. During the block of time that I came across it I was reading You Are Not So Smart by David McRaney, Predictably Irrational & The Upside of Irrationality by Dan Ariely, The Paradox of Choice by Barry Schwartz and others including random websites.
I'm not the brightest bulb but if it was an ordinary every day word like "royalties" or "investments" I'd like to think I would have figured it out on my own.
I have worked in the mental health field. No matter what advice you read you are going to have to find something that works for you. I tend to perceive life from an existential point of view. Your choices define you. You cannot change what choices you have made in the past. You can only control what choices you make in the present. Focus on making choices that help you feel fulfilled and that encourage personal growth. Let the guilt be the fuel that drives you to make better choices in the present. Don't make any choices that are going to add to the guilt you feel.
Here is a book that may or may not help you: Man's Search for Meaning
I'm going to redefine your question as best I can interpret it to "What is the result of feeling the desire to do something and intentionally not outputting the desired behavior"
Generally speaking, the thought becomes more powerful. Attempts to control your thoughts and behaviors via elimination (i.e. don't have/do them) without replacing them with something else leaves your brain with a planned action, with no place for it to go. Almost like a clogged water pipe has built up water and it will build up pressure until it's eventually released somehow.
Now let's take a look at anger issues. There are usually three ways to imagine dealing with anger at something: 1) physically/verbally attack the thing, 2) do nothing, 3) do something else with the anger feelings (i.e. unleash it in a neutral way through exercise or deal with it in an nonaggressive manner such as meditation or communicating with the person). The first two methods will reinforce the desires of anger because all you've done is either physically give it importance by acting on it or mentally give it importance by thinking about it so intensely. However, the third method, where you replace it with something else in a capacity that still values its importance (i.e. unleashing the stress tangentially through exercise or reducing the stress through mentally calming the body). If you have the desire, it's important to you. The question is what are you going to do with it. Acting on it or suppressing it is going to reinforce the desire. Replacing it gives the desire a tangential avenue form which to be expressed, but not reinforced.
For initial reading on this phenomenon, I recommend work by Daniel Wegner.
https://www.amazon.com/White-Bears-Other-Unwanted-Thoughts/dp/0898622239
Gross' Psychology is a fantastic core textbook which covers a large range of topics across psychology. It is useful from the first introduction to psychology all the way to undergraduate study. But by being so comprehensive, it is a bulky book.
Stats :) https://www.amazon.com/Discovering-Statistics-Using-IBM-SPSS/dp/1446249182/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1494420070&sr=8-1&keywords=statistics+using+spss (also other versions if you/your school doesn't use SPSS)
I highly recommend this book. It talks a lot about disagreements and fights in relationships. Gottman is the best in his field and the science and advice is pretty solid.
Check a book called "C-PTSD: From surviving to thriving" by Pete Walker. I am not sure does it fit the definition of case study, but it overall handles the realm of PTSD caused by parental abuse and neglect.
https://www.amazon.com/Complex-PTSD-Surviving-RECOVERING-CHILDHOOD/dp/1492871842
While evolutionary psychology is considered a "new" subfield of psychology, it has its origins in Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species. Darwin argues that, in the future, psychology will be based on a foundation which is, "of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation." An excellent foundation for evolutionary psychology begins in The Origin of Species.
Regarding newer works, I would recommend Robert Wright's The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. This is an excellent encapsulation of how evolutionary psychologists primarily interpret moral behavior in both humans and non-human animals alike.
I would also check out Jerome Barkhow's incredible work The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. I recommend this book if you're looking to understand why human intelligence is fundamentally distinct from other species, and how evolutionary forces shaped human culture.
Happy reading!
Here's a great read on the subject. It's rooted in science and research but is easy to read and it uses real life scenarios to demonstrate his points.
Edit: http://www.amazon.com/Influence-Psychology-Persuasion-Revised-Edition/dp/006124189X
My dbt was a local course but I know they have a DBT book - http://www.amazon.ca/Dialectical-Behavior-Therapy-Skills-Workbook/dp/1572245131 I'm sure its also available in America or whatever country you're from. I think if you google CBT or DBT resources you can find some decent sites as well.