Enrollment in teacher training programs is already down by 20 to 50 percent (varies by state).

https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2015/03/03/389282733/where-have-all-the-teachers-gone

Schools already can't find math and science teachers. My school pays relatively well but when we last hired, we had shit candidates. Making a master's cost more is just another way to slowly erode public education.

We tend to think of Inbreeding as worse than it normally is because of how devastating it is in human populations, but that's not the norm. The entirety of humanity is thought to have descended from a point where there were only about <em>40 breeding pairs</em>. . Because of that diversity bottleneck, any Inbreeding at all gets amplified more than it would in other species.

This is a problem for bison. Their population was utterly decimated, and so efforts to breed more of them must be very careful to avoid Inbreeding.

Here is what I found while working on All Clear Weather using the barometers:

The primary difference is that the professional grade barometers are calibrated to report exact, accurate pressure values.

Smartphone barometers are not. So you do not trust the individual reading that comes from it. But you can trust the trend, because it is very sensitive to changes in pressure. So using those trends has been possible for some time.

The game-changing research here is that these researchers are finding ways to actually recover the real pressure value from the biased sensors, by using the neighboring sensors as a reference, and machine learning algorithms to detect and correct the biases. It's incredible.

So, hold two smartphone barometers by your head. They will read maybe 1013.3mb and 1011.5 mb. Both cannot be right. Move them to your feet, and they will both decrease by the same amount. Put a million barometers around a city and now you can figure out what the real pressure is using fancy math and a lot of hard work.

All Clear Weather (Android, US) can show you these values if you do the Enable Sensors in Settings. Other pressure apps on iOS or Android could show you the same. Check it out!

Not if you can't handle the emotional burdens.

A comment made by Metafilter user Doroteo Arango II

> What is the name of that feeling were you feel awed and happy and infinitely sad at the same time?

> Octopuses give me that.

> They are so smart and beautiful. When kept in aquariums they can learn to recognize their owners, and they can be trained to do all kinds of tricks. They can even answer to their name, if the name is a shape painted on a card or some other visual symbol. They have their own individual personalities, and they come up with tricks of their own.

> And once they know you and trust you, they will let you touch them, and will come to you and give you hundreds of loving kisses with their little suckers. And they look into your eyes and you look into theirs and you feel that a fragile golden thread of communication is connecting two of the most advanced and alien intelligences on earth, and that gives you hope for every little living thing.

> And then a year has gone by and they die in front of your eyes and you have to learn to say good-bye and there is nothing you can do about it.

> Keeping octopuses is like Fry's dog in Futurama ever year for ever and ever.

> I am happy there are braver or more masochistic scientists and enthusiasts advancing the state of the art in octopus breeding every year. Dolphins and apes are intelligent, but too much like us. Even parrots and corvids, the tiny dinosaurs that made it, are just a few branches apart in the tree of life, like half brothers, all tetrapods. Octopuses, who are not even vertebrates, are as close to an alien intelligence as we will probably get before we are all dead.

It is a peer reviewed journal

“Political Research Quarterly is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research on all aspects of politics. Among the leading generalist journals of political science, PRQ seeks to publish significant contributions to knowledge which engage readers across multiple fields of scholarship, as well as exceptional contributions within specialized fields.”

It is also a first quartile journal

?q=22867&tip=sid&clean=0

Crazy that the ancient ocean hypothesis was (basically) confirmed by evidence of something so dramatic. The lead author is so restrained in this interview:

"Then, of course, there is the fact that the discovery of tsunami deposits represents definite evidence for the existence of the early Mars ocean."

Oh, by the way, we figured that whole giant mystery out. I'd have had a harder time containing myself.

There's a windows app called f.lux that'll change your monitor's color based on your time and location (also available for Mac, Linux, Android, and jailbroken iPhones and iPads). It slowly fades between a normal color during the day and an orangey color at night taking about as long as a sunset to transition.

Edit: This applies to Windows 8.1. Windows 10 has this functionality built-in according to u/CallMeRydberg. In Windows 10, this is under Settings/System/Display, and is now called Night Light according to u/graintop. For Linus users, use redshift according to u/ooddaa.

Edit: Added more details.

Your teacher is referencing the work of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky who theorized tha everyone has a "System 1" and a "System 2" mode of thinking. 1 is when your brain is operating without following step by step logic and is heavily influenced by emotion. 2 is when you are doing something like math, that requires step by step thinking or learning a new instrument (you can train to place things in System 1, called heuristics). The reason I am thinking this is because 2 is a mentally taxing state, for example try doing 7 to the 12th power while running, you most likely will have to stop to figure out the answer in your head, same goes for doing anything physically taxing while using System 2 thinking (concentrating on staring, for example).

You should check out Kahneman's seminal work Thinking, Fast and Slow. Also, Michael Lewis of moneyball fame has recently written a book about Kahneman and Tversky's life stories called The Undoing Project, supposed to be great !

Edit: I had Kahneman's book title incorrect, thank you u/rosin_exudate for the correction. I could never remember it correctly.

Here's the original study

Would seriously recommending a program called f.lux for the tablet, and a similar program called twilight on smartphones. They allow you to filter out the blue light and make the hue more redy/yellow. I work long nights on computers and these have both helped me immensely

Edit: links for the lazy

F.lux - justgetflux.com

Twilight app - http://twilight.urbandroid.org

Alan Kay criticises that video in his TED talk: http://www.ted.com/talks/alan_kay_shares_a_powerful_idea_about_ideas.html

> "As a former molecular biologist, I didn't like that at all. Not because it wasn't beautiful or anything, but because it misses the thing most students fail to understand about molecular biology, and that -- is why is there any probability at all of two complex shapes finding each other just the right way so they [can] combine together and be catalyzed. And what we saw yesterday was every reaction was fortuitous -- they just swooped in there and bound, and something happened.

> But in fact, those molecules are spinning at the rate of about a million revolutions per second. They're agitating back and forth their size every two nanoseconds. They're completely crowded together, they're jammed, they're bashing up against each other. And if you don't understand that in your mental model of this stuff, what happens inside of a cell seems completely mysterious and fortuitous, and I think that's exactly the wrong image for when you're trying to teach science." (source)

I spotted some other problems too with this animation, but over all it's the best I've seen trying to describe DNA and RNA handling in a cell.

Anatomically modern humans have always been our equals, or rather, we are no better at social organization than they were. The technology is just better. You may be surprised by just how "experimental" and sophisticated they were:

https://www.academia.edu/13105162/_with_David_Graeber_Farewell_to_the_childhood_of_man_ritual_seasonality_and_the_origins_of_inequality._Journal_of_the_Royal_Anthropological_Institute_2015_The_Biennial_Henry_Myers_Lecture_/

This could be very helpful. This could stop cancer from metastasizing, or spreading from the origin. Which idk stats for offhand but I know it's not an uncommon complication.

Edit: found an example. Early stage lung cancer is a 56% survival rate. If it's already metastisized, it plummets to 5%. Not knowing diagnosis stats, it sounds like it could save some lives. Mayo clinic

Except that this could create an imbalance between Hg and Se, which have a mutal detoxification effect. Unless they have a method to remove Se as well, I wouldn't think they should go forward with this. Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Furness/publication/21286776_Mercury_and_selenium_interaction_a_review/links/0046351d5413586e48000000.pdf

Brain games can be fun, which is a cognitive benefit of its own. Practising brain games can also make you better at those specific games, which can be satisfying for those who want to master a task. There is just no evidence that they have benefits beyond those rather obvious ones. They don’t make you smarter. That doesn’t mean there aren’t activities that do improve brain health and various aspects of cognitive performance. We’ve done research that found a relationship between long-term engagement in certain leisure activities (such as Sudoku and video games) and maintained cognition with age. Games that are combined with physical activity (e.g. virtual reality) may have some promise as well. That hints at what really makes a difference - changes to lifestyle that have wide-ranging benefits, such as optimizing exercise and sleep. We use standardized cognitive testing to evaluate improvements, with tests we developed that have a long history in psychology and neuroscience. We’ve made those tests available to the public, alongside a system for tracking lifestyle changes, at http://www.cambridgebrainsciences.com (it’s free to sign up and start tracking your performance but, just so you know, some advanced features are paid).

Fire + calcium carbide + water = acetylene + calcium hydroxide.

Acetylene + oxygen + fire + Ammonium Nitrate = big badaboom.

This is one of the more widely popular theories.

Edit Tianjin has a lot of ammonium nitrate. http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/ammonium-nitrate-tianjin.html

Gimbutas's work was important in the development of the modern Kurgan Model of Indo-European origins, but scholars in the field nowadays tend to reject the ideological conclusions she drew from it. In general, the Proto-Indo-Europeans (sometimes called "Aryans" but for obvious reasons that name has fallen out of use except among those with ideological points to push) are no longer believed to be warrior-savage patriarchs as she believed, but rather a group of far-reaching horse traders. The distance over which they ranged and the social prestige that wealthy herders obtained made their languages a common language among those groups with whom they interacted--her idea that they conquered and put to the sword the speakers of the previous languages is generally rejected. Furthermore, the discovery of earthwork fortifications (walls and moats) around pre-IE settlements in the Balkans kind of debunks the idea that they were not warlike (if I recall correctly, archaeologists have even discovered maces in pre-IE settlements--which are useless for hunting and so must have been weapons of war).

Ironically, given that Indo-European warrior graves (Kurgans) often turn up woman-warriors, one can make the case that the Indo-Europeans and their father-god (Zeus/Jupiter and his analogues in the Germanic and Celtic and pre-Hindu pantheons) were actually more egalitarian than the alleged goddess-worshippers.

For more information, I recommend the book "The Horse, The Wheel, and Language," by David W. Anthony, an archaeologist in the field whose work is much more recent. The book is available through the Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/TheHorseTheWheelAndLanguage

Whoops...that's embarassing

EDIT: Also thought I'd share a link to the actual study instead of the article, which is here:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089662730500156X

EDIT AGAIN: Actually that was a different, but related study. Here's the more recent one:

http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1456v1?maxtoshow=&amp;hits=10&amp;RESULTFORMAT=&amp;fulltext=mayberg&amp;searchid=1&amp;FIRSTINDEX=0&amp;resourcetype=HWCIT

Eating less is the one huge thing that will reduce someone's weight. Which is the topic at hand.

Even at the extreme, a person weighing 300 pounds will burn about 170 calories, per mile. There's no way a 300 pound person is walking faster than 2mph especially if it's for more than a couple miles. If they weigh less than that then they burn less calories.

In comparison a candy bar, a hotdog, or two tablespoons of butter/peanut butter is approximately 200 calories.

To lose a pound of fat you need to have a deficit adding up to 3,500 calories. That's about twenty miles.

It's far easier to cut out calories than it is to burn them off by walking. It's misleading to the point of intellectual dishonesty to pretend that exercise is an effective way to lose weight compared to dieting.

I designed a headband with a motion detector that is sensitive enough to pick up the heartbeat and can thus easily detect rapid eye movements. And I wrote a program that records my sleep each night and plays an audio track when it detects that I am dreaming. I post the raw logs along with a printout of the most interesting minute in the recording to the Lucid Scribe Project every other day.

Furthermore, I have been training myself to blink in Morse Code patterns that my device can decode in hope that I can communicate live from within a dream one day: http://hackaday.com/2012/06/20/communicating-from-inside-your-dreams/.

Nope. It ended around 1850.

http://www.britannica.com/science/Little-Ice-Age

"The term Little Ice Age was introduced to the scientific literature by Dutch-born American geologist F.E. Matthes in 1939. Originally the phrase was used to refer to Earth’s most recent 4,000-year period of mountain-glacier expansion and retreat. Today some scientists use it to distinguish only the period 1500–1850, when mountain glaciers expanded to their greatest extent, but the phrase is more commonly applied to the broader period 1300–1850. The Little Ice Age followed the Medieval Warming Period (roughly 900–1300 ce) and preceded the present period of warming that began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries."

I feel like this is a good time to link to f.lux - a free Win/Mac/Linux program which will change the colour temperature of your monitor according to your location and the day cycle. It's pretty amazing, and gradual so you won't necessarily notice (unless you turn it off and burn out your eyes).

This particular report does not go in-depth about civil conflict, although it does touch on the mental health consequences of forced migration and civil conflict. Here is a paper that does look at climate change and conflict: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jon_Barnett/publication/222550602_Climate_change_human_security_and_violent_conflict/links/00b7d529ed08e7edbd000000.pdf

From WolframAlpha:

current distance from Earth: 394820 km

average distance from Earth: 385000 km

March 19: 357229 km

"Check-ups of 1,003 Michigan sixth-graders in a school-based health program showed children who are obese were more likely to consume school lunch instead of a packed lunch from home." Hm. Perhaps we should improve the school lunches then. More on that here.

So, this is a bit of a sensationalist article (as always). Basically:

1. This isn't that new (anymore). O'brien (edit: the guy featured in the article op posted) published on this a few years ago. (cf. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;q=O%27brien+quantum+on+chip&amp;amp;btnG=Search&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C22&amp;amp;as_ylo=&amp;amp;as_vis=0)

2. It's plagued to be "slow" (in terms of quantum computing). IIRC, photons aren't actually getting entangled, instead, your propagating beam is interfering, and the math/behaviour is the same as entangled particles. So you couldn't solve a typical quantum computing problem the way you would with a true quantum computer (you'd need to add orders of magnitudes of more waveguides / photonic pathways).

or something like that.

//phd in nanophotonics.

Here's one where a boy survived 45 minutes

Now we only need to look for a story that goes 3 hours and 15 minutes further, we're doing progress.

The article is poorly written but take a look at the actual study.

Read Chapter 6 (page 18) of the study and look at figure 8 and 9 (page 35, 36).

She did find evidence of a relative increase in teen abortions. i.e. teen abortion rate did not decrease as much as was expected if funding had not been cut. So there was an absolute decrease in abortions but a relative increase in abortions.

That smell is caused by the UV irradiation of keratin and cysteine

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Root-Cause-of-the-Odor-Generated-by-Germicidal-UV-Brais-Despatis/c0d0ea2b10d6b8c03e71d5d202c840366ee342ff?p2df

Title:

>Thinking, Fast and Slow? Some Field Experiments to Reduce Crime and Dropout in Chicago

This is an obvious reference to Daniel Kahneman's bestseller of the same title which tackles rationality, emotion, and decision-making.

Abstract:

>We present the results of three large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) carried out in Chicago, testing interventions to reduce crime and dropout by changing the decision-making of economically disadvantaged youth. We study a program called Becoming a Man (BAM), developed by the non-profit Youth Guidance, in two RCTs implemented in 2009–10 and 2013–15. In the two studies participation in the program reduced total arrests during the intervention period by 28–35%, reduced violent-crime arrests by 45–50%, improved school engagement, and in the first study where we have follow-up data, increased graduation rates by 12–19%. The third RCT tested a program with partially overlapping components carried out in the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center (JTDC), which reduced readmission rates to the facility by 21%. These large behavioral responses combined with modest program costs imply benefit-cost ratios for these interventions from 5-to-1 up to 30-to-1 or more. Our data on mechanisms are not ideal, but we find no positive evidence that these effects are due to changes in emotional intelligence or social skills, self-control or “grit,” or a generic mentoring effect. We find suggestive support for the hypothesis that the programs work by helping youth slow down and reflect on whether their automatic thoughts and behaviors are well suited to the situation they are in, or whether the situation could be construed differently.

In Australia there's a relatively commonly used app called Emergency+ that gives basic information on when to call 000 (our emergency number) and will also show your coordinates. It's not able to transfer the data automatically, but it makes it easy for the caller to access and read out to the call taker.

Understanding what leads to political polarization is a first step in building bridges. The moral psychology research exploring the moral differences between political and religious ideologies is explored in the book <em>The Righteous Mind</em> by Jonathan Haidt, and it is often used by non-partisan citizen groups (such as Citizens' Climate Lobby) as a model for building multipartisan coalitions.

eta: links, author of book

> If given enough time, it will complete the game in the most efficient manner possible

Not necessarily. It will likely find a good, but not most efficient strategy. This is because it will get to a point where choosing a branch leading to a better strategy would be more punishable in the short term, so it would never go exploring it.

This is what usually happens with evolutionary algorithms. You can look at this demo for a good example.

>The U.S. has just shy of 9,000 MW solar installed. Germany has a bit under 18,000 MW. How does 18GW vs. 9GW = 6,000%?

[emphasis mine]

Where are you pulling these numbers from?

According to 2008 numbers:

• Germany = 3.8 billion kWh per year
• US = 843 million kWh per year.

http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=solar+energy+per+country

3,800,000,000 / 843,000,000 = 4.5 (approx.)

That means that Germany has 4 and a half times as much energy from solar than the US. That is around 450%.

The 6000% comes from simple arithmetic that US has 3900% more Sun available than Germany around the year which means that Germany produces 450% more utilizing 3900% less i.e. if Germany had US amount of Sun available they would be utilizing 39 times more Sun to produce 3.8 billion x 39 = 148.24 billion kWh per year / 843,000,000 = 175 (approx.) or 17,500% more than the US did in 2008.

So if the US has managed to increase it's kWh per year since 2008 then it would have to have increased it 3 fold to bring it up to at least 2.47 billion kWh in order to be utilizing solar power only 6000% less efficiently than Germany does.

And Germany doesn't have Southern California, Arizona, Nevada, Texas, New Mexico, Louisiana or Florida. They have 4 month long winters there.

What this means is the equivalent of one northern US state (Washington, Colorado) producing 4.5 times as much solar energy as the rest of the US combined in 2008. Do the math on that.

Geologist here, yes, it has been suggested.

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&amp;dat=19700422&amp;id=ySYxAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=uQEEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=7223,6073263

Sorry, I'm sure there are better links, but it's late.

Being a police officer is one of the safest jobs in the country.

The 10 Deadliest Jobs: Deaths per 100,000

1. Logging workers: 128.8 2. Fishers and related fishing workers: 117 3. Aircraft pilot and flight engineers: 53.4 4. Roofers: 40.5 5. Structural iron and steel workers: 37 6. Refuse and recyclable material collectors: 27.1 7. Electrical power-line installers and repairers: 23 8. Drivers/sales workers and truck drivers: 22.1 9. Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers: 21.3 10. Construction laborers: 17.4

Out of approximately one million police and law enforcement personnel, with 126 deaths per year, the death rate for police is 12.6 per hundred thousand.

Most policemen killed on the job die in accidents (mostly auto), not from firearm assault, according to the FBI.

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-dangerous-is-police-w_b_6373798

The myth that being a police officer is a super dangerous job compared to others is exactly that, a myth. You also have a higher likelihood of being murdered as a regular citizen working any other job then being a police officer.

https://fee.org/articles/by-the-numbers-how-dangerous-is-it-to-be-a-cop/

That is just one I pulled of google from 2014 there are many others that show the same thing.

If you want one of the safest jobs, become a police officer.

Did anyone bother reading the study? It uses some complex math models that cant be addressed in this article. Take a look at Figure 8, that's where the info on an increase in abortions came from.

https://www.academia.edu/19435560/Family_Planning_Funding_Cuts_and_Teen_Childbearing

Stop analyzing an overly summarized article with huge gaps, and read the actual work.

Watson does not have a ping response. Check out the video on this article, at around 3:25 you'll notice that Watson has a mechanical device hooked up to his buzzer, so it's not just an electrical signal inputting it.

Also, why nitpick on the wrong answers? So what if he thought the was a 3% chance of Miley Cyrus being the answer? He knew it was wrong. Why harp on it?

"Destroyed" wasn't really the right word, I guess, but that's no reason to be critical of the amazing technology at work.

Well yes, if you are deficient in vitamin C then taking supplements will improve the immune system. Is is a vitamin after all, we need them to function.

However, most people with any resemblance of a varied diet don't have deficiencies. The Mayo Clinic writes: >Extensive research has shown that vitamin C taken by mouth lacked an effect on cold prevention.

The only evidence where supplementation seems to work is for people that expose their bodies to extreme stress (professional athletes etc). Again, from the Mayo Clinic: >Vitamin C reduced the risk of developing colds, by roughly 50% in people under physical stress or in extreme conditions, such as soldiers in the subarctic, skiers, and marathon runners.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/vitamin-c/evidence/hrb-20060322

Even sites like webmd seem to really mute the chances of addition:

https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/guide/narcotic-pain-medications#1

They list the side-effects as:

• Consitpation
• Nausea
• Drowsyness

(No mention of potentially debilitating life-long addition.)

They then go onto mention tolerance and physical dependence for the drug, (noting that neither is the same as addiction).

"[Opioid Addicted people] typically have behaviors that lead to negative consequences in their personal lives or workplace."

Given that 20-30 percent of prescribed patients end up misusing opioids [1], I feel like "Life Ruining Addiction" should be up front and center up in the "Experienced Side Effects" category.

1. Vowles KE, McEntee ML, Julnes PS, Frohe T, Ney JP, van der Goes DN. Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: a systematic review and data synthesis. Pain. 2015;156(4):569-576.

> Plans in the Health Insurance Marketplace must cover contraceptive methods and counseling for all women, as prescribed by a health care provider. Plans must cover these services without charging a copayment or coinsurance when provided by an in-network provider — even if you haven’t met your deductible.

https://www.healthcare.gov/coverage/birth-control-benefits/

The requirement for coverage without copay was a significant element of the ACA.

How that effects frequency of abortions would be a separate issue to study.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-coenzyme-q10/art-20362602

>Research on CoQ10 use for specific conditions and activities shows:

>Heart conditions. CoQ10 has been shown to improve symptoms of congestive heart failure. Although findings are mixed, CoQ10 might help reduce blood pressure. Some research also suggests that when combined with other nutrients, CoQ10 might aid recovery in people who've had bypass and heart valve surgeries.

>Parkinson's disease. Early research suggests that high doses of CoQ10 might be beneficial for people in the early stages of this progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement. Statin-induced myopathy. Some research suggests that CoQ10 might help ease muscle weakness sometimes associated with taking statins.

>Migraines. Some research suggests that CoQ10 might decrease the frequency of these headaches.

>Physical performance. Because CoQ10 is involved in energy production, it's believed that this supplement might improve your physical performance. Research in this area has produced mixed results, however.

The below article/story refers specifically to those suffering from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. However, it also applies to Severe/Refractory Depression. Argue if you will. However, please remember that even if you’ve suffered from depression you’ve never suffered exactly what someone else has. And no one has suffered exactly like you. Our experiences, while similar, are never the same. I’d urge everyone to err on the side of caution. People in such severe pain don’t need antidotal tips. They need people to believe them when they say something isn’t helping even if it “should” be helping. As a wise therapist once told me “Don’t should on yourself.” I’d add “Don’t should on others” either.

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/02/554369327/for-people-with-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-more-exercise-isnt-better

(edit)

I was curious so I looked at who has submitted that domain:

• /u/nicholsml - seems legit: user name sounds like a name, 8,000+ comment karma, account created in 2011
• /u/heilois - random sequence of letters for user name, 1 comment karma, account created 2014-06-20
• /u/iuyilil - random sequence of letters for user name, 0 comment karma, account created 2014-06-20
• /u/dsesde - random sequence of letters for user name, 0 comment karma, account created 2014-06-20

I'm not saying these last three are spammers or the site is a spam site, but that part I bolded is a little suspicious.

Initial comment before edit:

https://www.mywot.com/en/scorecard/dailynewsnow.com

> User reviews: 1

My guess is one person didn't like it for whatever reason?

I've been reading Thinking, Fast and Slow and this sounds essentially like ego depletion, which is presented there as sort of a known quantity. Was this unconfirmed until now, or is this substantively different in a way that I'm not seeing?

Forest is time management app for android and Apple that works with Trees For the Future which helps plant trees.

> Forest is a popular productivity app that helps people beat their phone addiction and manage their time in an interesting and pleasant way. Users can earn credits by not using their cell phones and plant real trees around the world with the credits. With Forest, users can have a delightful experience to spend less time on their cell phones, focus on what’s more important in their lives, and keep our environment green.

> About Trees For The Future: With almost three decades in the field, Trees for the Future has a strong track record. They’ve planted over 145 million trees in dozens of countries and revitalized hundreds of thousands of acres of soil while improving the lives of thousands of families.

Relevant Picture

Source

^ (Has a small article worth looking at; it's on a flexible e-reader plus solar panel, all integrated, and in less than a couple millimeters... go science)

Not that I know about. The Inuit, for example, have to eat some pretty interesting things in order to get enough vitamin C to survive. I always cringe a bit when I see those pop culture blog diets that suggest their plan is great because of something they read about Inuit diets. Traditionally, to get enough vitamin C Inuit had to eat raw sea mammal organs like seal livers. Raw has much higher levels of vitamin C than cooked.

Personally, I'd much rather eat an orange.

Indeed, speaking in terms of expected value, we can expect about 4.8 million people to die, and thus fully warrants attention and investigation.

And then again.. “Most of the indoor air we breathe is polluted with microplastic particles”

We will be going over your questions and will be back to answer at 1 pm. In the meantime, if you use purification/chromatography in any capacity in the lab -- grad student, researcher, professor, etc... -- please take our very brief survey. It will help us out immensely as we figure out how this technology can better serve scientists.

Link: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/XV7JVHW

I really love Principles and Applications of Organotransition Metal Chemistry, also known as "Collman and Hegedus"

My absolute pleasure, I'm sorry for your experience. One book I came across (more like a text book from what I see) is 'Lost Childhoods'

I haven't read it myself yet but hopeful to get around to it someday. I feel like I need to have a little more reading under my belt beforehand.

https://www.amazon.ca/Lost-Childhoods-Plight-Parentified-Child/dp/0876308256

Short answer: yes, certain trees produce prolific amounts of sap and as a result are thought to be mainly responsible for production of amber.

It's possible to chemically extract distinctive molecules (biomarkers) out of amber and match them up to different types of trees. It has been done for many amber sites, and the exact tree or trees responsible varies considerably.

For the Cretaceous amber from Burma, according to this paper by Dutta et al. 2011 [PDF] it's derived from Pinaceae -- i.e. trees in the same family as pine -- though they also say that Cupressaceae (another type of conifer) can't be ruled out. They also mention that other papers were suggesting araucarians (monkey-puzzle trees, also conifers), but dispute that interpretation.

The "unable to be broken down by then-current bacteria" story you are referring to is probably fungi rather than bacteria, and applies to much earlier times (Carboniferous), though I do not think it is well supported by more recent evidence.

>Water itself is useless.

This is false.

You lose a ton of water just by breathing. Your body needs electrolytes, but it also needs H2O to function.

Also, bananas aren't really that rich in Potassium, that was a clever ploy by Big Banana. Unless you want to eat a whole bunch of bananas every day (or vastly improve your diet, which most people don't) you're better off just using a potassium salt sprinkled on your food throughout the day.

Maybe, maybe not. Wal-mart already sells "Beef Patties" that are about 1/3 the price of ground beef. The patties are composed of fatty beef, organ meat, and textured soy protein, and are nutritionally about the same at 75/25 ground beef. They taste close enough to real 100% beef hamburgers that you would not question it if you just had one, particularly if you had ketchup and other toppings on it.

Although they are super cheap (and therefore should sell like hotcakes), Wal-mart generally only has a very small amount of space dedicated to this product. It would seem that people like their beef to be beef and not Beef^^TM regardless of cost.

You all might want to give a try to MyNoise.net's "Neural Symphony - Tinnitus Neuromodulator", a free, online noise generator (and its various presets, clickable in the right column below the sliders.)

I'm not saying it works for everyone, and I'm not saying it works all the time, but it does help me sometimes. (I've had tinnitus for over two years.) Be careful, though, don't listen to it too loudly, and so on. And read the text.

Some other noise generators of mynoise.net might also help, they're def. worth checking out.

Also, keep an eye on /r/tinnitus and /r/tinnitusresearch

Earlier in this thread, someone raised the question of why psychology would even bother confirming "common sense". The parent comment is a shining example.

There has been conflicting evidence about whether or not narcissists actually have low self esteem or whether the self esteem and narcissism constructs are even related. One qualification is that I am not referring to narcissism as personality disorder but as continuous personality trait, so I am talking about the same thing the parent comment is.

Edit: and here's a link for all the narcissism cirlejerkers who won't believe me (not implying that the parent comment is one, too)

> Scientists say they're close to unlocking the secrets of immortality

Not a single one of the quotes from scientists says that "they're close to unlocking the secrets of immortality". There is a huge amount we still don't understand. If you want a real, thought-provoking read rather than a cheap soundbite, have a read of this: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867405001017 then read his references. It's a wonderful introduction.

You can probably take the time zone data they give for when the ejection arives then figure out which timezone is currently at noon to give you an estimate of the direction.

So the article says it will hit when it's mid morning GMT. I'll take mid-morning to be 9:00 AM. GMT is UTC + 0. So for 12:00 PM, that would be UTC + 3.

So those areas directly facing the sun when the ejection arrives should be:

• Middle East
• Eastern Europe
• Eastern Africa

Map: http://www.timeanddate.com/time/map/

1000 couples, 5-6 month study and according to the article only ~12% of the control group smoked Marijuana.

The article doesn't say anything about reducing fertility either, it says;
>CONCLUSIONS: In this preconception cohort study, there was little overall association between female or male marijuana use and fecundability (probability of being pregnant).

A more reliable study was done and concluded that Marijuana reduced sperm count in men - and makes fertility much more difficult.

If I was a mod in this sub, I'd tag the title as completely misleading. If I was op, I'd delete the post.

For the 2 or 3 of you interested in the subject, William Li gave an insightful lecture at TED regarding angiogenesis and treating tumors.

Here's a link to the video.

He mostly talked about altering one's diet for desired results.

I've read that earlier puberty is from childhood stress. Evolutionarily it's getting a person ready to reproduce earlier because survival is tougher. I'm sure nutrition is a factor as well but that would mainly be caused by malnourishment that prevents puberty.

https://www.webmd.com/children/news/20071115/stress-linked-girls-early-puberty

Haha actually yes, it is! Pocket doesn't matter for the quality of data any more than other data issues, which this team has done a lot of work to improve and clean and fix. You can even see the data it generates and how useful it is in the app I made on Android, here is a graph of it aggregated from a bunch of phones during Hurricane Florence in North Carolina

Totally usable data in there, no matter where the phone is or goes!

The urban heat island can be really strong in Gainesville, Florida. We get a lot of sunny winter days, so the temperature can change by over five degrees just going to a different block.

I found a really cool map on Weather Underground that allows you to see the urban heat islands for yourself. It displays data from personal weather stations, and the ones in cities are often much warmer than the ones in rural areas.

https://www.wunderground.com/wundermap

It didn't rise. It went down by 25% between 2011-2015. The 3.4% is the estimated difference if Texas had kept the funding. It was calculating by comparing Texas with countries and states that had strong planned parenthood funding.

Even the source research paper admits that Texas did have falling teenage birthrates:

https://www.academia.edu/19435560/Family_Planning_Funding_Cuts_and_Teen_Childbearing

Page 9:

> Means are separately reported for Texas countieswith family planning clinics and other U.S. counties with clinics in the periods before and afterthe funding cuts. Before 2011 teen birth rates in Texas average nearly 69 births per 1,000 teens,compared to 45 births per 1,000 teens outside of Texas. For both groups, teen birth rates fellafter 2011. As such, the analysis below can be viewed as estimating to what extent teen birthsrates could have declined further in the absence of family planning funding cuts.

See the graph on page 33 on how the 3.4% was calculated.

> The amount of energy generated per dollar spent on the unit is perhaps a better metric of research progress.

Solar cells are really cheap now, even mono-crystalline ($0.35/Watt !). The dominant cost of solar seems to be encapsulation and installation.

If the cost of mono-crystalline cells dropped to zero, the cost of a solar setup wouldn't fall much.

But if efficiency doubled, but cost tripled as well, then the cost of a solar setup would fall dramatically.

So I'd argue that efficiency increases are crucial, unless somebody comes up with a way to dramatically reduce the cost of taking cells and turning them into installed panels.

Why don't you try for yourself?

>Orbiter is a freeware space flight simulator program developed to allow users to operate simulated spacecraft using a detailed and realistic flight model. The developer, Martin Schweiger, felt that space flight simulators at the time were lacking in realistic physics based flight models and decided to write a simulator that made learning physics concepts enjoyable.

Orbiter Space Simulator: http://orbit.medphys.ucl.ac.uk/home.php

Apollo Pack: http://www.orbithangar.com/searchid.php?ID=3902

Warning!: Apollo Flights are very complex as the program also realistically simulates the on-board computers of the time. Very primitive tools = complex spaceflight. Some of the craft in the program are completely fictional with easier flight characteristics, complex flight modeling and planning computers. The orbital mechanics, real distances, real spaceflight concepts, and how technical this game is makes it real rewarding to master.

Link to full PDF: https://anonfiles.com/file/4e87c60df1ff43d6dc62e3796ef40de9

Good lord these comments are a cesspool. The clickbait title surely doesn't help.

As for the study, I am interested to hear from someone who has more background on these "liver on a chip" devices. The researchers provided how they constructed these "chips" but I don't know enough about this to say how well it simulates in vivo hepatocytes.

To me, the most noteworthy finding in this study is that acetaminophen itself may cause damage to the mitochondria almost immediately after coming in contact with the cell. We have long known that one of the metabolites of acetaminophen (NAPQI) is toxic to the liver, but there has been little concrete evidence to suggest that the parent compound is toxic as well.

The researchers found that this toxicity was dose dependent, and was even detectable at the normal physiological range of concentrations (1-4 mM). However, this toxicity was found to be short lived, with a recovery of around 30-40 minutes.

The results are very interesting but I don't have enough expertise to say how significant this is or isn't.

The book title is "Thinking, Fast and Slow" by Daniel Kahneman.

Your system 1 had cognitive ease when rounding out your comment since you had already nailed the premise and content of the book. When it came to name it, your system 1 produced the slightly improper book name.

Basically, thousands of daily decisions become lumped into system 1 reasoning since it reduces required brain power. Essentially, become vigilant that your system 2 is often needed to logically and factually reason something out.

To whom I responded, thank you for the chance to get back into reading this wonderful book. Have a nice day everybody.

https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/02/health/surgery-scalpels-obsidian/index.html

Basically they are just so stupidly sharp they can cut by molecules, and they can be made that sharp with absolutely minimal work compared to steel.

Iirc Metalworking didnt really happen in places with Obsidian as there was just not as much need for it.

Only downside being its very brittle.

Great question! Yes there is evidence of vocal dialects in some species, for example the greater sac-winged bat:

https://www.academia.edu/1837366/Learned_vocal_group_signatures_in_the_polygynous_bat_Saccopteryx_bilineata

We are currently looking at whether the Brazilian free-tailed bat has vocal dialects as well. They produce songs that sound just like birds or whales. It would be hard to believe that these long intricate songs are purely genetic:

http://www.kisibohn.com/Kisi/Tadarida.html

One key unique trait to vocal learners is that they incorporate what they hear into the sounds they produce (audio-vocal feedback). Overall I'm pretty confident we will find more cases of vocal-learning in bats since they already use rapid audio-vocal feedback during echolocation (sonar). When a bat flies it produces a sonar cry, it then listens to the returning echo and uses the sound to modify their next outgoing sonar pulse. Thus, bats already have some of the neurocircuitry developed for learning! This is not to say all bats are vocal learners (there are over 1,100 species!) but it would be rather surprising if none do.

Highjacking top comment since this is relevant:

Flux is a program that red-shifts your screen making it easier on the eyes, worth trying out if you look at screens a lot.

They actually have various different trials going on currently, the big one is PPP001 for Advanced Cancer Pain.

This is the 2018 Investor Deck Presentation. quick synopsis of PPP001 begins is on slides 9 and 10.

https://www.slideshare.net/MomentumPR/tetra-biopharma-investor-presentation-2018

>"The super collider's dead, the taxpayers have saved $10 billion and I think that's good news for the American public" said Rep. Jim Slattery, the Kansas Democrat who orchestrated the anti-collider House campaign

http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kGAgAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=umUFAAAAIBAJ&amp;dq=cost%20overrun%20ssc&amp;pg=3808%2C4981568

Unrelated, but just as an FYI... The correct turn of phrase in your last sentence should be "my interest is piqued," not "my interest is peaked." Reference

It's not stealing. I simply searched for the article in Google Scholar.

Google seems to always link to the freely available versions of articles.

Many universities will host papers published by their staff in a freely available repository, so that people like us can still access them.

It is mirroring the recent headline currently on the frontpage. Not expected to be startling.

> Teenagers who smoke marijuana daily are over 60 percent less likely to complete high school than those who never use. They're also 60 percent less likely to graduate college and seven times more likely to attempt suicide. Those are the startling conclusions of a new study of adolescent cannabis use

Other source: http://www.themarysue.com/clara-lazen-new-molecule/

[edit]: Actual Paper: (Thanks, yuki2nagato) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210271X11005433

[edit]: If more teachers were like this kid's teacher, I think we would have a much better school system in the US.

This article talks about how anonymous spaces like Reddit can help people with mental health issues who might not otherwise seek support because of stigma. Do you think that they can also contribute to decreased stigma over time, as people with less exposure to mental health problems come across threads like this?

>pick a number out of thin air

Good grief that's not what happens at all!

There are literally thousands of university peer-reviewed papers and studies on this subject. PhD Climatologists and economists come together and do their best to try to figure it out. nobody's pulling numbers out of thin air

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=calculating+carbon+footprint&amp;btnG=&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0%2C50&amp;as_vis=1

and for the record,these estimations almost are always extraordinarily conservative and favor fossil fuel over renewable energy

TIL when used as a verb the order of words is the opposite than when used as noun.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/substitute

This is the very first time I've seen the word "substitute" used in this way.

Dr.Rhonda Patrick has been preaching it's benefits for years, one study finding it lowers all cause mortality by up to 40%

https://player.fm/series/foundmyfitness-148037/sauna-use-and-building-resilience-to-stress-with-dr-rhonda-patrick

According to wikipedia the radius of the event horizon is 2Gm/c^2. A large stellar black hole, let's say 10 times the mass of the sun, will therefore have a radius of 2 * 6.67e-11 N m^2/kg^2 * 2e31 kg / 3e8 = 29530m.

At 29530m, the gravitational attraction between a 10kg mass and the singularity is 30615229520301.633N. The gravitational attraction between a 10kg mass 2m lower, at 29528m and the singularity is 30619376941913.746N. The tidal forces are comparable to your head having 330 times the thrust of the space shuttle and your feet being anchored to the ground.

But this is a relatively small black hole; consider a supermassive black hole of about 10^8 solar masses. (I actually have no idea what the math will yield)

At the event horizon, 295300000000m up, the gravitational force is 3061522.9520301633N. Two meters lower, 295299999998m up, the gravitational force is 3061522.952071633N; a mere 40 micronewton difference. You probably wouldn't notice the tidal forces, unless you were in a sufficiently large craft; in which case you're have 'gravity' at the top and bottom, pulling you very, very gently towards the ceiling and floor, respectively.

Of course, this is all for a non-rotating, non-magnetic black hole. The article assumes a rotating black hole or one with a large electric charge.

Gotta love /r/science turning this into "TEXAS IS ALL GOD AND REPUBLICANS."

I mean, don't get me wrong, a lot of Texas IS God and Republicans.

BUT there's a large science and engineering population here too. We have Texas at Austin, Texas Tech, Texas Arlington, SMU, etc. We have Lockheed, Northrup, Bell, Raytheon, and a good chunk of the video game industry too. And look, numbers!

http://mashable.com/2011/08/08/ipad-friendly-cities/

Plano and Austin are top 10, and (since I looked at this article while waiting in line in the store) I know Fort Worth is top 20.

So don't be hating on us because of the more... media-hyped folks. Some of us down here love science more than Jebus and Dubya.

And we are on freakin' FIRE down here. Plz 2 bring water, k?

For those of you who think this is easy, Jeopardy's question format isn't always that straightforward- they usually have categories with a theme, and the answer only makes sense in context of that category's themes. Often there's an entire category in which the clues are just one or two words, or a category of nothing but puns.

I'd expect the AI to be very good at clues like "This actress won the Oscar for Best Actress in 2003", but not so much finding "things you jump" as the response to the clue "A battery, a claim, a checkers piece" (in a category called COMMON BONDS).

Wait! Do you guys pronounce "bologna" as "baloney"?

I'd pronounce bologna as in spaghetti bolognese, named after the Italian city, Bologna.

OMG you do

Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman is a good book that addresses this (not so much the emotional attachment part though, more biases in general). His theory is that our brains can be considered to have two modes of operation, one that is fast, instinctual and emotional, and one that is slow and deliberate, more rational but also requiring more effort.

The core of his thesis is basically that the first mode is what makes up the majority of our information processing for the sake of quickly forming an idea of what's going on at the cost of sometimes making incorrect assessments, and that we can engage the other mode when necessary. This is a greatly simplified explanation of course, he goes into great depth and uses many delightful experiments to illustrate some of our biases and heuristics and reinforce his idea. A great read if you aren't familiar with it already.

Side Effects https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-834/acetyl-l-carnitine

Acetyl-L-carnitine is LIKELY SAFE for most adults and POSSIBLY SAFE for most children when taken by mouth. It can cause some side effects including stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, headache, and restlessness. It can also cause a "fishy" odor of the urine, breath, and sweat.

I'm out.

As a comparison, this approach generates "billions of random numbers every second" whereas the radio noise approach used by random.org only generates about 3000 bits per second.

It's still nowhere as advanced as my setups, some of which require NO LIGHT AT ALL.

http://tinypic.com/player.php?v=2r5gleg&amp;s=7

http://tinypic.com/player.php?v=2il1ydc&amp;s=7

I'm using 60w per 1.2x1.2m area. They're using almost 300w for half that area - I recognize those LED modules.

Not very efficient at all.

Still upvoting because LED needs to replace HID if we're going to make anything sustainable.

Well, the link to her research acknowledges both the professor and the grad student who helped her in her research. From the professor's bio site it looks like she's interested in mentoring younger people so her grad students probably go into it knowing they're going to be assisting in some way. It looks like the awards that Shree and Savitha received over lap a bit so there was probably more than enough work to go around.

We especially gain insight from the letters that those historic figures did not send.

How To Win Friends and Influence People makes multiple mentions of famous historic people writing letters that are the equivalent of "You're an A******e." They then stashed those away and wrote nicely worded ones instead.

"Various religious groups oppose vaccines, as do certain groups who favor organic and natural lifestyles. In developed countries, some experts argue, support for vaccines has also declined alongside a fading memory of the diseases they were created to prevent." Understanding The History Behind Communities' Vaccine Fears - It was a religious right cultist that started the misinformation movement on Somali immigrants in the U.S. The POS is still alive and not in jail.

Actually, that theory has been postulated for at least a decade or two.

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=maya+collapse+climate&amp;btnG=&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0%2C51

Specifically, i point to Hodell et al's "Possible role of climate in the collapse of Classic Maya civilization," published in 1995.

http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic867457.files/Hodell-Climate-Collapse-Maya.pdf

The person in this article had a somewhat different experience:

> She was sent first to sit through a group PowerPoint presentation, promising five steps to “improve your mood”; then she received CBT from a therapist and, in between sessions, via computer. “I don’t think anything has ever made me feel as lonely and isolated as having a computer program ask me how I felt on a scale of one to five, and – after I’d clicked the sad emoticon on the screen – telling me it was ‘sorry to hear that’ in a prerecorded voice,”

I recall a study (in Britain IIRC) that showed this to be the case. Bad drivers forced to wear seatbelt by law drive even more dangerously. This is why pedestrian and cyclist injuries and deaths noticeably rise when seatbelt laws are instituted.

EDIT: I haven't been able to find that study but here are a couple that support the idea.

Seat-belt wearing and driving behavior: An instrumented-vehicle study

> The main result was that beginning wearers (group iii) showed signs of continuing behavioral adaptation, in the form of increased speed and increased propensity for close following, as well as several minor effects.

Streff FM, Geller ES (August 1988). &quot;An experimental test of risk compensation: between-subject versus within-subject analyses&quot;. Accident Analysis and Prevention

> Subjects who switched from not using the safety belt to using it increased driving speed during the second phase significantly more than subjects who used the safety belt during both driving phases.

This process was actually mentioned by someone at a TED talk. I can't remember his name, might be able to find the link. He was designing this test to be cheap and accessible to people in Africa as far as I remember.

Edit: Found the TED talk video: http://www.ted.com/talks/george_whitesides_a_lab_the_size_of_a_postage_stamp.html

Not when you compare the US with other first world countries.

Maternal mortality is even worse. It's actually getting <em>more dangerous over time</em> to give birth in the US, while it's becoming safer virtually everywhere else on Earth.

https://www.npr.org/2017/05/12/528098789/u-s-has-the-worst-rate-of-maternal-deaths-in-the-developed-world

I am currently in graduate school studying giving and altruism. Therefore, I am somewhat versed in the current research in giving. This article is interesting but people should be cautious when drawing conclusions. They used a very simple economic game to study a complex phenomenon. The "duel process model" asserts that we use two systems in decision making: a quick and intuitive process and a slow and calculative one. (For more information on this, Daniel Kahneman has an excellent book on this topic called Thinking, Fast and Slow). Anyways, the problem with concluding that people are "inherently" or "intuitively" givers neglects the facts that emotion heavily influences this intuitive system. For example, if your gut reaction is a negative emotion then your decision could be to withdrawal or be more selfish (and our lab has found this in MANY studies).

Our research group suspects that this is the reason why genocide and mass atrocities are widely met with apathy rather than prosocial action. In several nationally representative studies we have found that people will donate more money to a suffering individual than to the same individual who is among a suffering group. Logically, this makes no sense. You are helping the same person regardless of the presence of others. However, people are trusting their fast, intuitive system that cannot process mass suffering and basically closes off to dealing with the emotion (or so we think). When you ask people to be more rational and calculative about this decision, this effect goes away.

In short, I think that the effect they found is more evidence for the duel process model of decision making but it is driven by the context of the decision. The participants experienced very little influence on their intuitive system and had little to lose by being prosocial.

TL;DR Very cool finding for decision making but be careful of drawing any big picture conclusions from this experiment design