What is Reddit's opinion of
Citizendium?
From 3.5 billion Reddit comments
99 reviews of this app found across Reddit:
What is your source on that? Not that I'm doubting you, just curious. Most sources I've found claim that caffeine directly inhibits antdiuretic hormone secretion, including my Kaplan MCAT prep book and several other online sources
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_effect_does_caffeine_have_on_ADH_levels
Wikipedia's editing policy definitely has its flaws, but if you want look at the other side of the coin, observe the mess that is/was Citzendium. Experts can be just as invested in defending their long debunked/pseudoscientific articles as Wikipedia power users.
Bill Casey did:
'DCI William Casey, in an action described by Steve Coll as beyond his authority, decided to extend destabilizing propaganda measures inside the borders of the Soviet Union. To this end, the CIA promoted the Muslim religion in Uzbekistan, by CIA commissioning a translation of the Qur'an into Uzbek by an Uzbek exile living in Germany, and then commissioning Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence to deliver 5,000 copies.[11] According to Coll,
As Yousaf recalled it, Casey said that there was a large Muslim population across the Amu Darya that could be stirred to action and could "do a lot of damage to the Soviet Union". Casey said, according to Yousaf, "We should take the books and try to raise the local population against them, and you can also think of sending arms and ammunition if possible."
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/U.S._intelligence_activities_in_Asia-Pacific#cite_note-Coll-10
Not too long ago I would have strongly agreed with you on this, but I think I'm softening up a bit.
Without thinking too hard about unresolved subplots, contradictions, and unanswered questions, the way I feel about the series is that it depicted realistic people in an increasingly confusing and mysterious universe. I think I would have been disappointed if the story had been all efficiently wrapped up with no loose ends.
I wouldn't have wanted Starbuck to be explained as yet another type of Cylon and have her go off into the woods holding hands with Lee. I like the void, the echo she leaves behind. I think the feeling is "saudade."
I wouldn't have wanted the colonists to build a safe, happy little village and have an Ewok celebration. I like the sense that they are all kind of changed, even damaged, by what they've been through, and are now making decisions -- like destroying the fleet and splitting up across an uncharted planet -- not out of logic and duty but out of desperate, shell-shocked exhaustion.
So now that some time has passed, and I'm not looking at details, for the overall tone of the ending to be a bit unsatisfying and haunting -- I guess that suits me.
Dark matter is a somewhat ambiguous name given to a set of astronomical observations that physical theories not including dark matter don't explain. These observations tend to suggest the presence of mass that we can't see - hence the choice of "dark matter".
For example, if you measure the velocity of a bunch of stars moving around the center of a galaxy, and then plot those velocities as a function of distance from the center, you get what's called a galaxy rotation curve. The velocities of the stars are a function of how much mass is contained in the galaxy. We can measure how much mass is in the galaxy based on the its luminosity and by combining that with what we know about galactic astrophysics. However, the velocities of the stars we actually measure are greater than what is predicted by the mass of the galaxy, which implies some extra mass around the outside that we don't see. This is the "dark matter".
They tend to look something like this.
TIL Captain Planet character Hoggish Greedly was a part satirisation of an actual person.
> Greeley’s endorsement of frontier economics was satirized in the environmentalist cartoon series Captain Planet, which featured the antagonist and polluter Hoggish Greedly.
http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/24/science/infants-sense-of-pain-is-recognized-finally.html
"Typically in the past, an anesthesiologist would simply administer a drug to paralyze the muscles, so that the infant would not thrash around on the operating table during major surgery. Some infants were also given nitrous oxide, or laughing gas, a weak anesthetic that diminishes but does not eliminate pain."
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Pain_in_babies
"Infant Jeffrey Lawson underwent open heart surgery in 1985. His mother, Jill R. Lawson, subsequently discovered that her child had been operated on without any anaesthesia other than a muscle relaxant."
I see where you're coming from, but I think you don't understand what causes the need for dark energy\matter in our explanations. Here is a graph showing where we found we need dark matter to explain things. Galaxies do not have a rotational velocity as our understanding of gravity predicts. Instead, the outer parts rotate quicker, as if there were more mass inside their radius. Now, of course, these things are still very unknown. It could be a large variety of things, including a fundamental error in our understanding of gravity. But gravitons not having infinite range would not account for things observed within a galaxy, as we can easily see that galaxies gravitationally interact with each other by forming clusters/superclusters.
I'm gonna call bullshit, too.
You only need a 40x objective to see stained sperm cells:
http://en.citizendium.org/images/6/61/Human_Sperm.jpg
Considering they were looking at check epithelium, it would have been stained and they were probably using 40x, perhaps even 100x.
True, you need SEM to see fine detail, but it's easy to identify a sperm cell with a light microscope.
Interestingly, Ukraine used to be Poland.
What about the air campaign in the Gulf War? The Iraqi Integrated Air Defense System (KARI) was built by the French, and was neutralized in a matter of days, despite being seen as modern and a major threat. United States Gulf War Air Power Survey, vol. IV: Weapons, Tactics, and Training and Space Operations, Air Force Historical Research Agency, 1993. I can't link to the report directly, but it can be found here under the third cited source.
The report does a very good job summarizing the destruction of a modern, albeit poorly integrated, air defense system by a modern air force. Generally, I think the advances in cruise missiles and radar seeking smart ordinance has changed the balance of power. During Desert Storm the coalition lost 39 fixed-wing aircraft and 5 helicopters in combat. The premise stands: An anti-air system can inflict losses, but not win major victories.
You are actually looking at a picture of one of the endless military and related items that started what is known as cargo cults in the Pacific.
Some leeches carry their young on their belly, then when momma sits down to dine, all the little babies line up right underneath and get a good fill too
Chinese keyboard means that it contains the Chinese stuff in addition to your typical Latin keyboard. So you still have qwerty and all that jazz in their proper position, but bopomofo is overlaid in parallel and used when switching IME. Looks like this: image
A US submarine retrofitted for space travel with the allegedly antigravity Dean Drive appeared on the cover of a 1960 issue of <em>Astounding Science Fiction</em>.
It's encyclopedia that uses wiki software. Other than that, I don't see what it has to do with Wikipedia. It's not even the only wiki encyclopedia written by approved experts -- see Citizendium.
JFC It's in Belushi biographies.
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000004/bio
"Since Albania was under communism during his youth, Belushi often told people he was of Greek and Italian descent."
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/John_Belushi#1949.E2.80.931970_Growing_up
The ball was hit into the stands, which is in foul territory. The batter can only get a hit, or reach base, if he hits the ball into fair territory.
An example of a baseball field. A foul ball is one hit outside of the foul lines.
One problem is a codebook attack. If block size is only 8 bits, there are only 256 possible plaintext/ciphertext pairs. An enemy who is monitoring the communication and knows or guesses some can collect them all and break the cipher. http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Code_book_attack
Technically on the bootleg they are named as two different takes of the same song but the general consensus is that together they should have formed the first part of the famous (maybe mythical at this point, lol) Swan Song Suite. There's also a 60+ minutes single track which is a full demo/rehearsal of Swan Song.
With all due respect to Midnight Moonlight, the Firm and Paul Rodgers, this thing had a lot more potential than what it was expressed in that context.
For reference, the triple CD I'm referring to is called Brutal Artistry and it's a little holy grail.
The whole story, here http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Swan_Song_(Led_Zeppelin_song)
That's a beadwindow 5, Ramirez, but you're off the hook because the officer on the other end used his name over the air, too. I'd give him a hard time for saying "we are going to need to speak to your CO" instead of just "fetch sunray," but a colonel would say something like that :(
I like that explanation the best as pseudo-possible, but still I don't think it would work for real.
The masses we're talking about here are huge and hydrogen being the lightest element wouldn't be that useful. Them being used for attitude control only shows that they aren't really useful for main staging.
Also, the heat of combustion for hydrogen, meaning the energy it would get from combustion, is incredibly low compared to other rocket fuels like kerosene. As seen here hydrogen has 285 kj/mol and kerosene has 8,000. So you get a double wammy of very low mass and very low energy released. The energy need to electrolyze the water in the air would also be massive, and probably dwarf the energy needed to actually lift off the ground.
All this is to say that, no I don't think you're right about the hydrogen. You'd be much better off trying to figure out a way in which he works like a jet engine than a rocket.
I used to have that card. The only remnant I still have is this sweet tux plushie they gave me when I signed up.
Unless it's a SR-71: "The Pratt & Whitney J58-1 engines used in the Blackbird were the only military engines ever designed to operate continuously on afterburner, and actually became more efficient as the aircraft went faster." http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/SR-71_Blackbird
My Kaplan MCAT prep book (third edition, biology review) and several other online sources indicate that caffeine is an ADH secretion inhibitor
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_effect_does_caffeine_have_on_ADH_levels
This article seems to be easy enough to understand. This should answer the question of how it's used in electronics.
To make a long story short;
Quantum physics is about how reality behaves on a tiny scale. It's about how things like atoms and electrons and waves of light interact. One of the things we've learned from this study is how to make and use semi-conductors which allow us to manipulate the flow of electricity in ways that are much smaller and more elegant than, for instance, the big cables that bring power to your home. Being able to handle electricity on a small scale makes us able to build electronics on a small scale. This is the kind of advance that lets us build computers into wristwatches instead of having them take up rooms to themselves.
That being said, I haven't studied quantum physics in a serious way so if I've got anything wrong, feel free to jump in with corrections.
I'm torn on the issue. On one hand... all the stuff you mentioned above, on the other... how many coal plants and mines need to be made to generate the power for that dam.
While criticism of Wikipedia's insularity is valid, this article is an utter failure of reporting.
Wikipedia has known for a long, long time that it needs to attract academic contributions. This is not a new revelation or a shocking admission. It just doesn't know how. The emergent effect of Wikipedia's editing style is that rules lawyers who enjoy smacking down new contributors get to write all the rules and smack down new contributors with them, and how do you overcome inertia to change that?
Next, "Wackypedia"? This guy can't even write an opinion article without resorting to name-calling. What exactly is he trying to convince readers of? "Oh good point, I never thought of Wikipedia as wacky before."
The worst part is his random praise for Citizendium. Has he seen it? Not only is it failing to attract readers and writers, it is much less reliable than Wikipedia. At least Wikipedia has rules about its content, but on Citizendium, a self-declared expert can get a bullshit article to approved, edited, stable status. And so you get this article on homeopathy written entirely by someone who financially benefits from selling homeopathy. Medical misinformation that is presented like the truth is dangerous.
The closest equivalent situation on Wikipedia would be its article on deconstruction, written almost entirely by people who believe that "deconstruction" refers to something. There may be too much academia in it, remarkably. But at least that article only leaves you baffled, not actively misinformed.
Intelligence is one of those things that's difficult to define to everyone's satisfaction, but essentially it comes down to problem solving and behavioral adaptability. That can include manipulation of other species, but it absolutely does not need to.
>'intelligence', in the broadest sense of the term, refers to the ability of an organism to adapt to its environment through learning and through shaping the environment, the organism employing its cognitive abilities to do so. 'Intelligence', in that sense, translates as the ability of an organism to exhibit such adaptive plastic behavior (Stanovich 2009).
FFS my microphone is cunting about. This is what I was going to sing for you: Auld Reekie, and you may be the first midwesterner to ever have sung these parables of bliss.....
Auld Reikie, wale o' ilka Town
That Scotland kens beneath the Moon;
Where couthy Chiels at E'ening meet
Their bizzing Craigs and Mous to weet;
And blythly gar auld Care gae bye
Wi' blinkit and wi' bleering Eye:
That's just the start. If you get ambitious the whole goregeous thing is here (with explainations):
Yeah, so you could probably be more correct in transcribing the vowel in fool as [u͡ə] rather than simply [uː]. But again, once you want a certain level of detail, especially for vowels, acoustic analysis is a lot more commonly used. It's much more precise to say "the vowel shifted from an F1 value of 520Hz to 760Hz, and from an F2 value of 2050Hz to 1840Hz." Those numbers are arbitrary, but they get the point across. At the end of the day, looking at a spectrogram will always be more precise than simply listening to a sound and writing down what you think you heard.
There's tiers to missile defense. You have essentially short range defense, mid range defense, and long range defense.
GMD (ground-based missile defense): stationed only in Alaska and California - capable of shooting down ICBMs at all stages of flight, even midcourse stage (hardest time to hit a ballistic missile)
AEGIS BMD (ballistic missile defense): stationed on 38 US and Japanese Navy warships (35 US, 3 Japan) - Capable of shooting down all types of ballistic missiles, even ICBMs, but can only hit ICBMs during boost phase (take off), terminal phase (just before they hit), and midcourse stage if directly below the missile
THAAD: Stationed now to Korea, and a handful of other places - Good for short and medium range ballistic missiles (like all of those in use by North Korea thus far). Not really suitable for ICBMs at any stage other than the terminal stage
PAC-3 (Patriot Missile System): Stationed all over the world - Good for short range ballistic missiles, as well as aircraft, drones, cruise missiles, helicopters, etc. Can only intercept medium range ballistic missiles during terminal stage, and completely ineffective against ICBMs
So GMD is all on its own as a top tier system, while THAAD makes up the middle, and PAC-3 brings up the low end. AEGIS BMD is more or less a mix of the PAC-3 and THAAD with a little more capabilities, but not as much range. However, AEGIS BMD can be moved all around since it's on a warship, where THAAD and PAC-3s can't be moved around as easily.
For a rough example, here's PAC-3s and THAAD together - http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/library/policy/army/fm/3-01-85/image1613.gif
And, here's all 4 of them together for another example - http://en.citizendium.org/images/thumb/2/22/Missile_Defense_Interceptor_Basics.png/600px-Missile_Defense_Interceptor_Basics.png
Just to complicate matters, you can use either the product, as in phi(N)= (p-1)(q-1), or the least common multiple, lcm(p-1,q-1), and get a working algorithm either way. However, if you need to inter-operate with another implementation both must use the same definition. http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/RSA_algorithm#Implementation_differences
One reference, which I like since I wrote most of it, is at: http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/One-time_pad There are lots of other references, including a good FAQ linked in the above.
Note that while one-time pads are provably secure against all passive attacks, they are extremely weak against some active attacks; see the last section of that article.
From something I wrote at: http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Cryptography#Cryptography_is_difficult
As for databases and real-time programming, cryptography looks deceptively simple. The basic ideas are indeed simple and almost any programmer can fairly easily implement something that handles straightforward cases. However, as in the other fields, there are also some quite tricky aspects to the problems and anyone who tackles the hard cases without both some study of relevant theory and considerable practical experience is almost certain to get it wrong. This is demonstrated far too often.
For example, companies that implement their own cryptography ...
Here's a rough map showing the 5 provinces. It ceased to have importance in 1172, when it was downgraded to a lordship after the Norman invasion, as far as I understand it.
Interestingly enough, it looks like the Catholic divisions match the 5 provinces if you group Ulster and Mide together.
This is, imo, a republican cognitive dissonance. Republican's are quick to claim WW2 got us out of the depression and other such ideas. Ignoring this is just Keynsian economics from a different window, lets look at another republican claim.
The cold war was won because:
> . Under the assumption that the Soviet Union could not then outspend the US government in a renewed arms race, he accelerated increases in defense spending begun during the Carter Administration and strove to make the Cold War economically and rhetorically hot
If that is the case they just had to spend more. Which is wrong and why?
<strong>Here</strong> is a wikipedia subarticle who has some relevant content to your question and hosts this image.
Edit: Also, hand drawing mathematical stuff was a seperate subject in schools; well, at least in some. <strong>Here</strong> are Einsten's grades from 1896. The 9th subject is "Descriptive Geometry".
.jpg){kind=link}
August 1980, at Ernie's in San Francisco. I was in town covering a mining and minerals conference (an early and very different career). I was trying to impress somebody. I looked at the wine list and the only name I felt confident pronouncing was "Joseph Phelps." Which launched me on a wonderful journey, the kind you never complete.
>Somone has to care enough to make an article for a given subject.
Are you unaware of the people on Wikipedia who basically make it their mission to get articles they find lacking in notability deleted?
>In short, you're asking a question that can best be answered by viewing the first major attempt at an "alternative" to wikipedia. The only people who need a second wikipedia are people who need a second reality.
I think you're either unaware of or forgetting about other less political attempts to provide an alternative to Wikipedia, such as Citizendium or Google's Knol.
>"You realize that exists? Its basically really cold compressed oxygen, and if you drank it it would kill you"
It could also be room-temperature, as long as it is under sufficient pressure.
On the other hand, if you took a full-blown drink of it, you'd shortly find yourself exploding and very cold (if you were at regular pressure) or very squished (if you were at the ~80,000 atmospheres required to keep the oxygen liquid). The record for human survival is about 30 atmospheres, and I imagine that the human body probably relies on chemical processes that don't work too well at 80,000 atmospheres.
Aunt Jemima/Uncle Ben always struck me as a bit too much like cheerful indentured servants.
But when it comes to branding? I don't see anyone coming after the honey companies for using bears. People who came up with that idea clearly understood what 'innocuous' means.
But at the same time, we can all expect the same right wing psychopaths on Twitter screaming about how we need to preserve our 'black-lady-on-syrup-bottle' heritage in another long line of things they seem to care about at very convenient times. Especially now that 'Shake Shack kills cops' isn't working out so well for them.
Well since this is r/biology .......
“In biology, 'intelligence', in the broadest sense of the term, refers to the ability of an organism to adapt to its environment through learning and through shaping the environment, the organism employing its cognitive abilities to do so.” - http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Intelligence_(biology)
I'm not 100% sure exactly what it was, but it's some combination of putrefaction and rancidification. Basically, you set up an anaerobic environment for bacteria to grow. See [this](http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food\)#Fermentation_vs._putrefaction.2Francidification). Note that, according to that article, fermentation is based on bacteria decomposing carbohydrates, so that wouldn't apply to pure whey protein powder.
A good example to compare this to is how milk spoils. This article has a good description. Note that initially there's some fermentation that occurs as bacteria go to work on the milk sugar lactose. Various fermentation occurs until the pH gets too high for those bacteria, at which point other bacteria, yeast, and molds start working on the proteins. That's what causes the absolute horrid smells. All the bacteria contribute to the gas as a byproduct of digestion and metabolism.
Some further reading on the subject.
Then there's Tycho Brahe's system where the Sun orbits the Earth, but all the other planets orbit the Sun.
The Ancient Greek Aristartchus also proposed a Heliocentric model, which is pretty neat.
As long as you mine a block every 2 hours, the difficulty keeps dropping. You can literally mine an infinite amount of blocks with the same effort it takes to create five (and now four) blocks, kind of like this.
The difficulty does go up again every 2016 blocks, but its capped at 4x and the EDA itself is uncapped, so it won't actually affect you much.
To put it into better perspective, the recently dropped MOAB is only 11 tons
In either case, I am glad US Air Force did not go ahead with the 10 Gigaton bomb. That's like taking mother nature for granted by shitting on her face.. Texas style.
Your step 2 is not necessary if your hash is any good and you have a decent estimate of the entropy in the photo. Just hash the raw data and, provided there is entropy elsewhere, the duplicates do not matter.
As someone else has said, estimating the input entropy is the hard part. Why do you think 256 pixels are enough, that you can rely on them for > 1 bit of entropy each?
As someone else suggests, you would likely be just as well off taking photos with the lens cap on & using sensor noise. Here's a very good paper on an rng using a PC sound card with no mike; most of the ideas would apply with a camera: https://www.av8n.com/turbid/paper/turbid.htm
Pretty much the standard reference: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4086
An intro I like, partly because I wrote parts of it: http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Random_number_generator
You can already tell it is fancy because it has a shorter, deeper body than common goldfish. Most olive goldfish will also change color as they grow up. I can't tell if it has a single or double tail, but if it's single tail it is called a nymph or tomasaba goldfish, shaped like this. They are hardier than most fancies, so that's good!
Of course I can. I have the source and I can make the modifications needed. Removing contact discovery would probably be the hardest. Removing functionality is easier than adding one, and finding whatever pieces of code that are responsible for sending/recieving photos (the modify files on device) and modifying contact discovery is well within my reach, even in Java.
I find the "warning signs" part of the following article quite applicable to the info available about SafeTalk messenger: http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Snake_oil_(cryptography)
Edit: or maybe Schneier is a better read: https://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram/archives/1999/0215.html#snakeoil
I learned how to navigate steam tables by visualizing it graphically. Look up a temperature-enthalpy diagram for steam like this one - http://en.citizendium.org/images/8/8b/Steam_Temperature-Enthalpy_Diagram.png The bell curve is the region that has two phases inside of it. There are many combinations of properties and many 'points' within this region. When you look up a saturated steam value, only one output comes out. Thats because the saturated line will only have one output and is an actual line on this graph. The critical point separates the saturated liquid on the left from the saturated steam on the right. When you look up saturated steam at a temperature, you get a single table value because saturated steam only exists at one temperature. I heard it over and over again, but it didn't click until I locked it into my head with this visual graph that superheated has a higher temperature than the bell curve. Superheated is a range and not a discrete line of values, so you will need more than just one piece of information to look it up, as you can see from its spread on the graph.
That's a fair point. I agree the 'Tel Aviv' guy has a decent password, but as far as the social engineering aspect, it's easier to get people to tell you their passwords then to try to brute force your way in, which is what they're doing here. As far as dictionary attacks go, I've only read about how it works. I just looked this up;
So you wouldn't have to even change dictionaries, apparently.
> people are even now still working on it.
True: since 22 November, 12 people have edited Citizendium. They are:
- Darren Duncan
- Greg Sabino Mullane
- Hayford Peirce
- John Stephenson
- Martin Wyatt
- Milton Beychok
- Pat Palmer
- Peter Jackson
- Pradyumna Singh
- Robert Badgett
- Ro Thorpe
- Shri Dharmadhikary
She did not coin the term. Women in tech is great, don't get me wrong, but we shouldn't pull an Orwell on ourselves. The source for claiming she coined the term, AJS Ray (also from NASA) is just a mistake that Ray made because he probably first heard it there. But he was wrong.
Specifically, the famed Computer Scientist, E. Dijsktra, said of the issue: "When the term was coined in 1968 by F.L. Bauer of the Technological University of Munich, I welcomed it. [. . .] I interpreted the introduction of the term “software engineering” as an apt reflection of the fact that the design of software systems was an activity par excellence for the mathematical engineer. [. . .]."
"The term software engineering was first coined in 1968 at the NATO Software Engineering Conference in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany by its chairman Friedrich L. Bauer to address what had become known as the 'software crisis'"
Historians say he was white yes, they even make claim through illustration that he's a dead ringer for Hitler! http://en.citizendium.org/images/thumb/b/b7/Michael-Collins.jpg/276px-Michael-Collins.jpg
there is wikimatrix http://www.wikimatrix.org/index.php
But doesn't seem to list 'edit approval' as a feature to compare, unless its listed under some obscure name.
The German wikipedia (MediaWiki) is using a feature called 'Pending Changes', where unregistered user changes have to be reviewed. Therefore a host using MediaWiki may have a similar feature. http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Wikipedia
Right-hand rule is a pretty touchy subject between teachers/students. Everyone swears their way is best. As someone with a poor spatial awareness in general, I find the following to work best:
It's known that the unit coordinate vectors follow: i x j = k (i is unit vector in x direction, j is unit in y direction, etc).
To find A x B = C:
Point all four fingers along A, like this picture: http://en.citizendium.org/images/thumb/e/e4/Right-hand-rule.jpg/350px-Right-hand-rule.jpg
Curl those four fingers towards B. In that picture, if B was pointing into the background, you kinda have to rotate your wrist 180 degrees to do this.
C points along the direction of your thumb.
I like this one because it's super simple, and easy to apply in general to cross products. But, that's just my dogma. Try and find one that works for you, and stick with it. Once you do, try it with i x j, and see what you get.
> The way to address it is to reward people with subject matter expertise, instead of people who live with their moms.
That was the basic idea behind Citizendium, created by Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger. Yet it has struggled to attract contributors or come anywhere near the kind of breadth or depth of coverage that Wikipedia has. Compare Wikipedia's article on Citizendium, which is quite detailed and has 67 citations, to Citizendium's own article on itself which is relative short and only has 10 citations.
The amazing thing about Wikipedia is that it works as well as it does despite all its problems.
I mean, look at the texture, it's a chemical plant. It's asymmetrical, it doesn't really make sense if you can just pump in whatever chemical in whatever input. In real life it wouldn't be "Just pump in sulfuric acid in one of these pipes and water in the other!"
Holy shit, I just opened up the game and checked, for ALL recipes that require water you need to input it on the side with the chimney, exhaust pipe thing. You add water to the reaction chamber and it boils off, 100% justified gameplay wise imo, it adds depth.
I found this actual image of how the chemical process of Hydrocracking is done in real life (used to make Jet fuel, RP-1, gasoline).
http://en.citizendium.org/images/5/52/Hydrocracking_process.png
You see the Hydrocracker feedstock on the far side, and the pump for cooling water input right under the "Fractionator" with the offgas being exhausted right above.
Although, I have no excuse for why you wouldn't just be able to mirror the entire building...
Well, Western philosophy and science disagrees. There's litterally the subject / object dichotomy, which we all sit on. My point is she's clearly aware of this with the amount she reads.
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Subjective-objective_dichotomy
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Sage_(Sophos)
In a popular Stoic parable, the sage alone breathes, the others may be a foot or a fathom under water, but they are equally drowning. Either your lungs are full of air or full of water.
q4, The picture is a Ramachandran plot. Alpha is where the rotated degree combinations give you your normal alpha helices. Alpha L is where you would get left handed helices. The arrows I'm assuming represent parallel and anti parallel beta sheets. This site and its links may be of use.
​
q5, Looking at proteins in their ribbon structure might give you a better insight into how the two secondary elements actually influence the structure of a protein better. This is just an example but it's a nice demonstration.
After reading a little on Unitary Executive Theory12, I don't think it's as clear-cut as you're making it out to be.
Here's another interpretation:
The Constitution vests all executive power in the president. Congress cannot delegate executive power because it doesn't have any. Only the president can delegate executive power. If Congress creates an entity which it intends to perform executive functions, it is relying on the president to delegate his/her power to that entity, and this delegation may be revoked and re-enstated at the president's discretion.
When Congress passes a law directing how the census is to be conducted, it is directing the president, even if it wants to be directing someone else. All laws passed by Congress are directing the president alone, because the president is the sole source of the enforcement of the law.
Any law which creates an executive action or process that the president cannot perform alone is an unconstitutionally delegation of executive power.
I've heard the term "One Point Safe" to refer to there being a very low (literally thought to be 1 in a million chance) likelihood of accidental nuclear detonation by inducing some of the explosives inside the bomb. The nukes are built to be sensitive to the symmetry of the explosion-- if the explosives don't fire in perfect unison, it blows the core apart before it can be compressed enough to ignite a nuclear chain reaction. Also, they use special explosives that're comparatively hard to detonate by fire or heat.
Battleship armor was between 1 and 2 feet thick at the waterline. Solid steel (and USN warships at the time used a classified grade of steel unavailable to anyone else).
They were designed to withstand being penetrated by battleship shells.
A battleship shell was 6 feet tall, 16 inches around, and weighed 2700 lbs. Nearly all of that weight was a pointy steel cone to enable it to penetrate that armor. Only 40-50 lbs of the armor piercing shell was actually the "bursting charge" that exploded. This shell would leave the barrel at 1700 MPH.
An a6m zero was about 6500 lbs fully loaded, but it was certainly not designed to penetrate 2 feet of solid steel. It was made of aluminum and had a structure like a beer can: a very thin sheet of aluminum wrapped around a lot of empty space. It physically could not exceed 410 mph without breaking apart, and would probably be closer to 300 mph at that low an altitude due to the drag.
The shell was essentially designed to be ultra-dense. The plane, by definition, is designed to have the lowest possible density.
Kinetic energy = mv^2. Doing some rough estimation, this means a battleship shell had about 14x the kinetic energy of the zero, AND it had a dense steel structure designed specifically to penetrate steel armor.
Roughly speaking, this is similar to difference between throwing an empty beer can at somebody versus shooting them with a handgun.
Citizendium is a pretty decent implementation of that model. It's essentially a Wikipedia for academic knowledge, including a rigorous peer review process and a content oversight policy that involves (at least in principle) credentialed experts in the field.
I can at least that its mathematics section is decent, if not also clearly a work-in-progress.
EDIT: my mistake. This project's a complete mess. Don't rely on Citizendium to teach you things if you prefer your facts to be true.
>However, if the sham treatment involves a physical manipulation in the control arm of a randomized controlled trial, it is impossible for the clinician performing the procedure to be "blinded" to the treatment.
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Sham_treatment
Yea... so DOUBLE BLIND trials are impossible
The book inspired Led Zeppelin drummer John Bonham's uncle to open a bar by the same name in the Midlands. Robert Plant also lived on the site for a time.
If you've ever heard the story about Peter Grant and Jimmy Page sending dozens of telegrams to a house to try and get Bonham to join Led Zeppelin... Three Men in a Boat is the name of the bar they were sending 'em to.
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Three_Men_in_a_Boat_(public_house)
Don't cherry pick, dude. Rockets are fundamentally simple and if you know a damn thing about them you know that. A jet engine for comparison.
Have a look at my stuff on github: https://github.com/sandy-harris Brief bio here: http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/User:Sandy_Harris
Lots of experience, but none with C++. Most comfortable on Linux but can work on anything. I'm Canadian but wintering in the Philippines if location matters.
Contact me if I might be the one you want.
There are lots of references for this sort of thing.
One that provides a simple introduction: http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Random_number_generator
One I'd say is required reading, the standard reference: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4086.txt
Just to piggyback on your comment.
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Continuous_distillation
Continuous distillation is the preferred method of manufacturers in Kentucky. This makes up for ~90% on bourbon production in America.
Some Scottish distilleries use the continuous method. Irish distiller's for some reason use a bunch of pot stills.
I had very strong opinions about globalization until someone showed me that chart . It forced me to investigate the drivers that shaped those numbers. Looking at the complete non-change of the job loss after NAFTA really shocked me. Look at the graph for agriculture from 1800 with industry following:
http://en.citizendium.org/images/thumb/d/da/US-jobs1800-2000.gif/550px-US-jobs1800-2000.gif
Can you imagine going back to over 90% of the population working agriculture?
It's happening in China too:
http://www.statista.com/graphic/1/278346/economic-sector-distribution-of-the-workforce-in-china.jpg
Not the opposite experience as you thought. Isn't that interesting? I think so. I would expect data like that to change other people's minds too. Ah well.
Filtered coffee looks like this. In North America and Central America, most of our coffee is filtered coffee. We usually consider the other types specialty coffee.... which we also have, but most people drink filtered coffee.
I noticed it was more pronounced at gas stations. Here, in Canada and the US, they simply have heaps of filtered coffee in big thermoses, and people pour their own coffee and pay like $2 for a large. You put whatever you want in them.
Down there... holy shit. Everything was behind the counter, and it was all specialty coffee. Good coffee... but I certainly wasn't accustomed to paying outrageous prices for it haha. I found it strange considering the Aussies weren't particularly fussed about anything else... but god damned if you serve a cheap cup of coffee.
Here's an overview I think is OK, but I'm biased since I wrote parts of it :-) http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Cryptography
Wikipedia also has a decent article, there's lots of stuff at schneier.com, and any of Bruce Schneier's books are worthwhile, ...
This is how it is: http://en.citizendium.org/images/thumb/2/2f/Spherical_polar.png/250px-Spherical_polar.png
This is how I would like it to be: http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcIII/SphericalCoords_files/image001.gif
nothing there states neanderthals couldn't do the same.
heres a source on the skeletal anatomy
http://en.citizendium.org/images/a/a7/Skeleton.jpg
their skeleton at the shoulder looks nearly identical to ours. suggesting they had similar or the same capacities that we do.
One of my old haunts in Galveston is owned by Rex Bell. Y'all might have some interest as he played bass for Townes and can tell some stories.
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Rex_Bell
Link to his website. http://oldquarteracousticcafe.com
[Edited to change Rex from a female to a male.]
Yes, that is the sense I get as well. Of course the Union side did not recognize the CSA diplomatically either. source
I've read here that one way to achieve nonlinearity is to mix up different kind of algebras. Based on this, I've updated the cipher with a bit more obfuscation, basically it consists in that for every transformation operation the second operand sign can be switched if the operand is an odd number when encrypting, even number when decrypting. Is this considered boolean algebra? In any case, would that be enough to achieve nonlinearity and thus protection against linear cryptanalisis, even when the cipher may be attacked easily with other kind of attacks?
DES is easy to break and on average 3DES is only about 1.8x harder IIRC (still not very hard)
edit: Slight error, there is effectively 2x as much entropy in the key so the crack is O(n^(2)) as hard. This is hard enough to not be cracked by the average person, but if you're really interested (government, botnet operator, supercomputer in basement) you can do it.
edit2: Wanted to refresh my memory and found this:
>Triple DES is very likely strong enough. The Copocabana parallel machine breaks DES in a week and costs €9000. Banks can be attractive targets for anyone from thieves to seekers of financial intelligence; a serious attacker might apply large resources and be able to break DES quickly. However, even if an enemy has a machine that cracks the 56-bit DES key in a second, a 112-bit search is 2^(56) times harder. Since 2^(32) seconds is somewhat over a century, this ends up at over 2^(24) centuries, well over 60 million years.
Source: http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Triple_DES
Not sure how recent this is but still makes 3DES seem strong enough...
Yea, instant ramen might be a bit shit at times, but depending on usage can still be a superior noodle to your Italian catastrophe. This is because ramen noodles (either the instant or fancy freshmade varieties) are alkaline noodles which gives it interesting properties in soups like not breaking down while soaking in the hot broth.
For more reading: http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Alkaline_pasta
I think this might be of use. It shows what the Z is for the van der Waals, then it's a matter of setting the equation equal to 1 to see what has to happen to go above or below 1.
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Compressibility_factor_%28gases%29
I did not did that math and read it somewhere, but I found a this website that says the same thing.
>The reentry speed of an ICBM is so great that the reentry vehicle can be filled with concrete for a fixed target, or metal rods for an area target; the kinetic energy of the warhead is so great that a conventional explosive filling would add no appreciable energy.
Yes, any gas can be compressed to a liquid state at different temperatures. Here is a diagram of what it might take. http://en.citizendium.org/images/thumb/b/bc/Oxygen_phase_diagram.png/250px-Oxygen_phase_diagram.png
For the record, I have no idea if this is an Oxygen phase diagram or not since they didn't label it properly. But most single component phase diagrams are pretty similar. Its the idea that counts. Assuming it is correct, and you're looking at somewhere around 4 gPa for room temp liquid oxygen. That's insanity!
Not to the extent that they became that much larger.
IIRC fossilization is when the minerals in bones turn into stone over the years. Here's a link explaining it in detail (Though I haven't read it recently). http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Fossilization_(palaeontology)
As another comment also pointed out, there are large animals and small ones.
Another important thing to note in paleontology: An overwhelming majority of all dinosaurs found are very small. Not much larger than a chicken.
TL;DR: So the odds of fossils misrepresenting a dinosaur the size of T-Rex or Spinosaurus or Titanosaurus is completely, utterly, and insanely low.
Source: Most of this comes from the fact that I wanted to be a Paleontologist as a kid and all the way through high school.
EDIT: (This part is not relevant to the topic) Movies also can be quite annoying when it comes to details in things such as this. For example the iconic Velociraptor of Jurassic Park can grow up to lengths (Not heights) of over 6 feet (They had long tails for balance). IIRC they only get to around 3 ft tall. You want a raptor to be more scary and scientifically accurate? Try Utahraptor.
Yea I never even know it should be on there. From this knock-off wikipedia article:
The incorporated area of San Jose is 178.1 sq.mi. (461.3 km²). In 1979, the city adopted a policy of spelling the name of the city as San José, with an accent mark. However, the official name remains City of San Jose, without the accent mark. Use of the accent mark has been common but not universal for decades
it depends on how fast the fermentation is raging.
Stealing someone elses words:
"So, looks like yeast crank out 118 kJ per mol of glucose.
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)
Let's assume 5 gal (19L), 12 plato, OG = 1.050, and that all of the sugar is consumed. We have 19 * 1.050 * 0.12 = 2.394 kg of equivalent glucose which is 2394/180 = 13.3 mol. That means we are going to release 13.3 * 118 = 1,569.4 kJ. Assume that your fermentation is quick and it finishes in 24 hours. That means the average rate of energy release is 1,569,400 / (24*3600) = 18 W."
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Semantic_primes
> Nevertheless the same set of semantic primes remained within each language, though expressed in differing sound-forms. Thus, as Wierzbicka argues, all modern humans have the same set of semantic primes, though not the same set of sound-forms expressing them, rendering semantic primes cross-culturally universal.
> [...] give some of the experimental observations that support the claim of semantic primes as universal among human languages
The page about linguistic universals also links to the semantic primes.
>The older sections of Garmisch contain many examples of the farming roots of the city with dual purpose house/barns, and fountains for the cows to drink from during their daily return from the mountain pastures.
Well the very basic explanation of food and happiness can be attributed to the neuronal "reward pathway". This pathway is often associated with addiction, but is active in normal individuals as well. This is why the effects of drugs and food seem comparable, but they should not be confused. Basically anything that we do habitually and makes us happy afterwards involves the basic "reward pathway", and this is also why addictions can be developed for such a wide variety of activities (drugs, food, alcohol, videogames, sex...)
Many people attribute serotonin to happiness, which is true in some cases but is a very simplified point of view on happiness and the brain.
Maybe not clearly marked, but...
My grandmother always bought honey in bear bottles like this one. As a kid, I fuckin loved honey. Whenever I saw that bear bottle, I knew sweetness was all up inside it.
Until my grandma started re-using the bottles like a good, thrifty Mennonite. She was babysitting me one day, not paying a whole lot of attention, while I was rooting through the kitchen for something to eat. Aha! I found a bear bottle! Under the sink! I happily opened the bottle and poured it straight into my mouth. Instead of the deliciousness of honey however, I got the pain and rapidly closing airway of bleach. Yup, grandma kept bleach inside old honey bottles. Suuuuper child-safe.
My mom got there about that time to pick me up, and found me clutching my throat and jerking around. She saw the bottle, and instantly knew what happened. They called Poison Control, while making me drink milk. The guy from poison control had a thick Indian accent, and just slowly paged though a book (you could hear pages turning in the background), just telling my mom to "Stay calm." Eventually, I just threw up, and after another half gallon of milk I was in the clear. As far as I know, no lasting effects. I'm still pretty sane (at least, compared to most redditors).
I understand your issues.
> Journals offer editors
> Journals offer structured peer review
> Journals offer standards
The Problem here is you've showed what Journals provide, but are they the only (potential) providers of all these services?
could you possibly have a type of editorial and preliminary peer review done by closer peers, once these peers have vetted it etc. it goes to a forum which then all scientists that subscribe to that forum can do a wider review.
something like Citizendium comes to mind as a adaptable format, just make it more distributed like Usenet.
Journals to me seem like the Postal Service which is Physically limited, where Email achieves somewhat of the same things but with less overhead of, yet they resemble the same limited mind set of the Mail system, compared to social networks which is more of a re-imagining of the social communication over the Internet.
I think people need to re-imagine the Scientific peer review system in a Digital world, and not re-imagine a scientific journal, but just don't make the same mistakes and monopolise the system like facebook did.
I'm going to offer the guess that this is an expression for the Coulomb electrostatic force in three dimensions. Without definitions for the terms this can only be a guess, because there are a number of possible correct interpretations.
I've seen firsthand that kids of normal ability can learn all they need in 2-3 hours of in-home "classroom" & a few hours per day spent upon household chores & challenging hobbies. If that sounds too taxing as a parent...
Now...if you raise your children from 0-5 with an electronic babysitter, then expect them to suddenly have a thirst for learning, you're a damned fool & will need to spend 6 hours/day yelling back & forth for a few years.
Homeschooling parents don't need any more knowledge than what they learned in school & how to pull up Google & start reading. Do you really think public school teachers are cream-of-the-crop 125+ IQ super humans? Few are...but the bulk are just average people who got B's in a few child psychology classes & join unions so they don't have to compete for their jobs.
Disclaimer: My wife & I skipped the formative years & are adopting a 13 year old boy. While he's in the foster system, he must attend public school. I end up spending between 1 & 3 hours helping him with his homework each evening after working as a project manager/engineer all day. If he ever catches up to & surpasses his public school education, I'll likely work from home & home school him.
Yes. At below 54K at atmospheric pressure it has multiple solid phases. see:
http://www.webelements.com/oxygen/physics.html
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Oxygen
The phase diagram is shown in the Physical Properties of the 2nd website which is taken from ref 4 but requires a subscription: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037015730400273X
Wikipedia, like all other collections of information, is only as good as its sources. Those "citation needed" comments? Yeah, they usually are.
That said, I mostly trust it. When I need to find out dates, sizes, and such, it's generally very good.
Keep in mind though, that it is not a source of original research. When it is the sole source of information, tread very carefully!
Finally, don't forget about Citizendium which is similar, much smaller, but authoritatively accurate. More people need to know about this!
So there's this parasite called Toxoplasma Gondii
>The parasite enters the human circulatory system when these cysts are ingested by humans. Toxoplasmosis can be contracted in one of three ways. Eating raw or undercooked meat containing the parasite T. gondii is the most common way to a person becomes infected. Ingesting T. gondii oocysts from soil through gardening, handling or eating unwashed vegetables, or changing a cat litter box is another common form of contraction.
I think we've found a fourth method of contraction: being a cat litter box.
Cat owners have such low self esteem.
Actually you're wrong on the dimorphism. We're actually pretty similar to chimps and bonobos in terms of size differences (more so than other primates at least).
Human males: 175 lbs avg. Human females: 130 lbs avg. Size Differential: 0.74 *
Chimp males: 132.3 lbs avg. Chimp females: 104.5 lbs avg. Size Differential: 0.79 *
Bonobo males: 95 lbs avg. Bonobo females: 82 lbs avg. Size Differential: 0.86 *
It should be noted that Gibbons (monogamous) are the same size. Silverback Gorilla(harem) males are usually twice the size of females.
Also, bird studies that imply "cheating" occurs are examples of people projecting their biases on the data. Birds that are "monogamous" are usually socially monogamous but tend to have a variety of sexual partners. It's only cheating if the bird's partner leaves or punishes the cheater for their "infidelity" (If you have examples of this I would be very interested, it's hard to come by).
Additionally, feelings of jealousy are a cultural construct. If they were universal then all societies would be monogamous. Most jealousy studies are conducted on western undergraduates.